Élisa Lemonnier (24 March 1805 – 5 June 1865) was a French educationist who is considered the founder of vocational education for women in France.

Early years

Marie-Juliette Élisa Grimailh, known as Élisa by her family, was born in

Sorèze Sorèze (; oc, Sorese ca, Sorese) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France. See also * Communes of the Tarn department The following is a list of the 314 communes of the Tarn department of France. The communes cooperate i ...

, Tarn on 24 March 1805, the third of five children. Her father was Jean Grimailh, from an old Sorèze family, and her mother was Étiennette-Rosalie Aldebert, descended from the noble family of Barrau de Muratel through her mother. Her maternal grand-uncle was David Maurice Champouliès de Barrau de Muratel, who commanded the first line of infantry at the

Battle of Valmy The Battle of Valmy, also known as the Cannonade of Valmy, was the first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution. The battle took place on 20 September 1792 as Prussian troops comm ...

(20 September 1792). Both of her parents were Protestants. Her father died when she was young, and she was raised by her mother and grandmother, and by her cousin Mme Saint-Cyr de Barrau de Muratel. Élisa Grimailh was a beauty, and was also intelligent, imaginative and generous. Élisa Grimailh participated in the discussion of ideas generated by the directors of the College of Sorèze, and there met Charles Lemonnier, a young professor of philosophy, whom she married on 22 April 1831. The couple became followers of the school of Saint-Simon, and devoted everything they owned to propagation of the ideas of this school, but it soon broke up. Charles Lemonnier joined the Bar of

Bordeaux Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefectur ...

. While remaining interested in the ideas that had attracted her to

Saint-Simonianism Saint-Simonianism was a French political, religious and social movement of the first half of the 19th century, inspired by the ideas of Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825). Saint-Simon's ideas, expressed largely through a ...

, Élisa Lemonnier found herself confined to her small household and duties as a mother.

Paris

After ten years in Bordeaux, Charles Lemonnier was named General Council of the

French Northern Railway The Chemins de fer du Nord''French locomotive built in 1846''

(''Compagnie des chemins de fer du Nord'') in Paris. Soon afterwards the

Revolutions of 1848 The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples or the Springtime of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe starting in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europea ...

erupted. Élisa Lemonnier was moved by the misery she witnessed, and with the help of some friends organized a work room which she ran for over two months. The lack of skills of the workers gave her the idea of founding vocational education for women. After various attempts, Élisa Lemonnier managed to create the ''Société de protection maternelle'' ("League of maternal protection"), which on 9 May 1862 became the ''Société pour l'enseignement professionnel des femmes'' ("Society for Vocational Education of Women"). A building was rented in Élisa Lemonnier's name at 9, rue de la Perle, and on 1 October 1862 the first vocational school for girls was opened. The rapid success of this first school led to the opening of a second at 72 rue Rochechouart. However, exhausted by her work, Élisa Lemonnier died at the age of 60 on 5 June 1865 after an illness lasting a few days.

Legacy

Caroline de Barrau Caroline de Barrau (1828–88) was a wealthy French educationalist, feminist, author and philanthropist. She became interested in the education of girls, created a school in Paris where her daughter was taught, and encouraged her daughter and other ...

became interested in educational issues, and won the respect of Élisa Lemonnier, while raising her own children. She gathered children of both sexes around her daughter and two sons, and chose teachers to work under her direction. She went on to pioneer preparation of women for entrance to university, until then closed to women, and succeeded in having her daughter and other young women "intellectually prepared for work of university grade" admitted to study medicine at the

University of Paris , image_name = Coat of arms of the University of Paris.svg , image_size = 150px , caption = Coat of Arms , latin_name = Universitas magistrorum et scholarium Parisiensis , motto = ''Hic et ubique terrarum'' (Latin) , mottoeng = Here and a ...

. The new form of education was so suitable to the needs of contemporary society that the example was soon followed abroad, first in Switzerland, Belgium and Italy. Several of the large French provincial cities opened vocational schools for girls. The Élisa Lemonnier schools won a gold medal at the Universal Exposition of 1878. On 11 December 1880 a law on the organization of this new type of school was issued. The municipality of Paris opened its first vocational school for girls along the lines set down by Élisa Lemonnier in 1882. The two schools in Paris were assigned to the City of Paris on 1 October 1906, and one still bears the name of Élisa Lemonnier. The École Duperré now specializes in commercial art. A street in Paris is named after Élisa Lemonnier.

References

Sources

* * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Lemonnier, Elisa 1805 births 1865 deaths French educational theorists French feminists Saint-Simonists French socialists French socialist feminists