Çankırı In Paphlagonia

Çankırı, historically known as Gangra ( Greek: Γάγγρα), is the capital city of Çankırı Province, in Turkey, about northeast of Ankara. It is situated about 800 m (2500 ft) above sea level.

History

Çankırı was known in antiquity as Gangra ( el, Γάγγρα), and later Germanicopolis ( el, Γερμανικόπολις). The city has also been known as Changra, Kandari or Kanghari

Α town of Paphlagonia that appears to have been once the capital of Paphlagonia and a princely residence, for it is known from Strabo that Deiotarus Philadelphus (before 31 BC–5/6 AD), the last king of Paphlagonia, resided there. Notwithstanding this, Strabo describes it as only "a small town and a garrison".

According to 1st-century BC writer Alexander the Polyhistor the town was built by a goat herder who had found one of his goats straying there; but this origin is probably a mere philological speculation as ''gangra'' signifies "a goat" in the Paphlagonian language.

Gangra was absorbed into the Roman province of Galatia upon the death of Deiotarus in 6/5 BC. The earlier town was built on the hill behind the modern city, on which are the ruins of a late fortress, while the Roman city occupied the site of the modern city.

In the writings of the 2nd-century AD Greco-Roman writer Ptolemy, the city is referred to as Germanicopolis (Greek: ). It was named Germanicopolis, after Germanicus or possibly the emperor Claudius, until the time of Caracalla.

In Christian times, Gangra was the metropolitan see of Paphlagonia. Hypatios, bishop of Gangra, is considered a saint in the Orthodox Christian tradition. He was killed by Arians on his return from the Council of Nicaea (325 AD), in which he took part.

In the 4th century, the town was the scene of an important ecclesiastical synod, the Synod of Gangra. There is disagreement about the date of the synod, with dates varying from AD 341 to 376. The synodal letter states that twenty-one bishops assembled to take action concerning Eustathius of Sebaste and his followers. The synod issued twenty canons known as the Canons of Gangra; these were declared ecumenical by the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Under these canons, the sect disowned marriage, disparaged the offices of the church, held conventicles of their own, wore a peculiar dress, denounced riches, and affected special sanctity. The synod condemned the Eustathian practices, declaring however that it was not virginity that was condemned, but the dishonouring of marriage; not poverty, but the disparagement of honest and benevolent wealth; not asceticism, but spiritual pride; not individual piety, but dishonouring the house of God.

Over the centuries the settlement witnessed the hegemony of many cultures and races, such as Hittites, Persians, ancient Greeks, Parthians, Pontic Greeks, Galatians, Romans, Byzantine Greeks, up to the Seljuks and finally the Ottoman Turks. Traces from its long past are still visible throughout the city. The continuity of the city's name from ancient times across languages is of note: Hangara for the Arabs, Gagra for the Jews and Tzungra or Kângıri or Çankıri for the Turks.

Climate

Çankırı has a dry summer continental climate ( Köppen climate classification: ''Dsa'' and ''Dsb'') or a humid continental climate ( Trewartha climate classification: ''Dca'' and ''Dcb''). Other locations to the north of the city center feature more humid characteristics ( Köppen climate classification: ''Dfa'' and ''Dfb''). Summers are usually hot and dry and winters are cold and snowy. The rainiest month is May, while the driest month is July.

Economy

Agriculture

Various agricultural produce, including wheat, corn, beans, and apples is grown in the farms and fields.

Industry

Most industry is concentrated near the Çankırı city center and the town of Korgun, Çerkeş, Ilgaz, Kurşunlu, and Yapraklı, which was founded in 2007.

Notable people

*Şükrü Enis Regü (1922–1974), poet
*Refik Saydam (1867-1915) educator and poet
* Ali Kemal (1869-1922) newspaper editor, poet, liberal-leaning politician, government official

See also

* Anatolian Tigers

References

Further reading

* Boğaç A. Ergene: "Local Court, Provincial Society and Justice in the Ottoman Empire, Legal Practice and Dispute Resolution in Çankırı and Kastamonu (1652-1744)". ''Studies in Islamic Law and Society'', volume 17, Brill, Leiden, 2003. .

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Paphlagonia
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Roman towns and cities in Turkey
Districts of Çankırı Province