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Švenčionys Ghetto
Švenčionys, Svintsyan or Święciany Ghetto was a Jewish ghetto in Nazi-occupied Švenčionys (pre-war Second Polish Republic, post-war Lithuanian SSR). It operated from July 1941 to April 1943. At its peak, the ghetto housed some 1,500 prisoners. It was located in what today is a city park; the location is marked by a wooden menorah carved by Juozapas Jakštas (first in early 1990s, second in 2011). Establishment and operations Before the war, Švenčionys had about 9,000 residents of whom a third were Jewish. The ghetto was established soon after the Nazi Germany attacked Soviet Russia on June 22, 1941. At the end of September 1941, about 1,000 or 2,000 of Švenčionys Jews were moved to barracks of former military training grounds near Švenčionėliai. Jews from other nearby settlements were gathered there as well. These Jews were massacred on October 9–10 by Nazis and Lithuanians from the Ypatingasis būrys. The Jäger Report reported a total of 3,726 deaths (1,169 men ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghettos In Nazi-occupied Europe
Beginning with the invasion of Poland during World War II, the Nazi regime set up ghettos across German-occupied Eastern Europe in order to segregate and confine Jews, and sometimes Romani people, into small sections of towns and cities furthering their exploitation. In German documents, and signage at ghetto entrances, the Nazis usually referred to them as ''Jüdischer Wohnbezirk'' or ''Wohngebiet der Juden'', both of which translate as the Jewish Quarter. There were several distinct types including ''open ghettos'', ''closed ghettos'', ''work'', ''transit'', and ''destruction ghettos'', as defined by the Holocaust historians. In a number of cases, they were the place of Jewish underground resistance against the German occupation, known collectively as the ghetto uprisings. Background and establishment of the ghettos The first anti-Jewish measures were enacted in Germany with the onset of Nazism; these measures did not include ghettoizing German Jews: such plans were rejecte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Typhus
Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposure. The diseases are caused by specific types of bacterial infection. Epidemic typhus is due to ''Rickettsia prowazekii'' spread by body lice, scrub typhus is due to ''Orientia tsutsugamushi'' spread by chiggers, and murine typhus is due to ''Rickettsia typhi'' spread by fleas. Vaccines have been developed, but none are commercially available. Prevention is achieved by reducing exposure to the organisms that spread the disease. Treatment is with the antibiotic doxycycline. Epidemic typhus generally occurs in outbreaks when poor sanitary conditions and crowding are present. While once common, it is now rare. Scrub typhus occurs in Southeast Asia, Japan, and northern Australia. Murine typhus occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the worl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bezdonys
Bezdonys ( pl, Bezdany; Russian and Belarusian: Безданы) is a town in Lithuania, located to the north of Vilnius, within the Vilnius district municipality. It is best known for the 1908 Bezdany raid, one of the most daring and successful train robberies in history. Bohdan Urbankowski, ''Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg'' (Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist), Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warsaw, 1997, , p. 133-141 Exceprts from W. Pobóg-Malinowski"Akcja bojowa pod Bezdanami, 26 IX 1908" Quoted from ''Nasza Gazeta'' 10 (446). Last accessed on 30 May 2006. According to the Lithuanian census of 2011, the town had 743 inhabitants. History The site of the modern village has been inhabited at least since early Middle Ages. Local dense forests were a hunting resort of the Grand Dukes. Jan Długosz mentions, that the local hunting manor was visited by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila. In 1516 a hunting manor and surrounding land was granted by Grand Duke of Lithuania S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ponary Massacre
, location = Paneriai (Ponary), Vilnius (Wilno), Reichskommissariat Ostland , coordinates = , date = July 1941 – August 1944 , incident_type = Shootings by automatic and semi-automatic weapons, genocide , perpetrators = SS Einsatzgruppe Lithuanian Nazi collaborators , ghetto = Vilnius Ghetto , victims = ~100,000 in total (Polish Jews: 70,000; Poles: 20,000; Soviets/Russians: 8,000) , documentation = Nuremberg Trials The Ponary massacre, or Paneriai massacre ( lt, Panerių žudynės, pl, zbrodnia w Ponarach), was the mass murder of up to 100,000 people, mostly Jews, Poles, and Russians, by German '' SD'' and '' SS'' and their Lithuanian collaborators, including '' Ypatingasis būrys'' killing squads, during World War II and the Holocaust in the ''Generalbezirk Litauen'' of ''Reichskommissariat Ostland''. The murders took place between July 1941 and August 1944 near the railway station at Ponary (now Paneriai), a suburb of today's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaunas Ghetto
The Kovno Ghetto was a ghetto established by Nazi Germany to hold the Lithuanian Jews of Kaunas during the Holocaust. At its peak, the Ghetto held 29,000 people, most of whom were later sent to concentration and extermination camps, or were shot at the Ninth Fort. About 500 Jews escaped from work details and directly from the Ghetto, and joined Soviet partisan forces in the distant forests of southeast Lithuania and Belarus. Establishment The Nazis established a civilian administration under SA Brigadefuhrer Hans Cramer to replace military rule in place from the invasion of Lithuania on June 22, 1941. The Lithuanian Provisional Government was officially disbanded by the Nazis after only a few weeks, but not before approval for the establishment of a ghetto under the supervision of Lithuanian military commandant of Kaunas Jurgis Bobelis, extensive laws enacted against Jews and the provision of auxiliary police to assist the Nazis in the genocide. Between July and August 15, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kena (Vilnius)
Kena is a village in Vilnius district municipality, Lithuania. It is located on the state border with Belarus and has railway customs for all passenger trains from/to Belarus and Russia, including transit trains to Kaliningrad Oblast Kaliningrad Oblast (russian: Калинингра́дская о́бласть, translit=Kaliningradskaya oblast') is the westernmost federal subject of Russia. It is a semi-exclave situated on the Baltic Sea. The largest city and administr .... According to the census of 2001, Kena had 418 residents. The figure shrank to 369 in 2021. Nearby Pakenė village had 204 inhabitants. References Villages in Vilnius County Vilensky Uyezd Wilno Voivodeship (1926–1939) Vilnius District Municipality {{Vilnius-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Žasliai
Žasliai is a small town in Kaunas County in central Lithuania. In 2011, it had a population of 644. The town was first mentioned in written sources in 1457 and was granted the Magdeburg rights and its own coat of arms in 1792. History Žasliai were first mentioned on 28 February in 1457. During the reign of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas, Žasliai belonged to Lithuanian nobleman Jaunius Valimantaitis from Valimantas family and later to noblemen from Goštautas family. In 1522 Žasliai was a town. In 16th century Žasliai were a property of Grand Duke of Lithuania Žygimantas Augustas who later donated it to his wife Barbora Radvilaitė. In the map ''Magni Ducatus Lituaniae caeterarumque regionum illi adiacentium exacta descriptio'' issued in 1613 by Radvila Našlaitėlis, Žasliai was marked as a rural town. In 1777 operating parish school was mentioned. On 12 January 1792 Žasliai got Magdeburgian rights and the coat of arms with the inscription ''EX MANCIPIO LIBERTA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Žiežmariai
Žiežmariai () is a city in the Kaišiadorys district municipality, Lithuania. It is located south of Kaišiadorys. The center of Žiežmariai is a state-protected urbanistic monument. History Žiežmariai were mentioned for the first time in the 14th century in the '' Lithuanian route report'' (''Wegeberichte''), prepared by the Teutonic Knights. In 1348 close to Žiežmariai by the river of Strėva, the Battle of Strėva between the Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army led by Algirdas and Kęstutis and the Teutonic Army took place. Since 15th century Žiežmariai estate is known, in 1487 Žiežmariai town is mentioned. In 1508 or 1509 a Catcholic church was built, and the school was established in 1520. In 1576 and in 1791 Žiežmariai received Magdeburg rights and the coat of arms in 1792. During the 16th century Žiežmariai started to grow intensively due to their proximity to the road Vilnius-Kaunas. In 1580 the town suffered from fire two times. In the 18th century it was de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ashmyany
Ashmyany ( be, Ашмя́ны; Łacinka: ''Ašmiany''; russian: Ошмя́ны; lt, Ašmena; pl, Oszmiana; yi, אָשמענע, ''Oshmene'') is a town in Grodno Region, Belarus, located at 50 km from Vilnius. The town is Ashmyany District's capital. It lies in Ashmyanka's river basin. The town was the birthplace of the general Lucjan Żeligowski and Jewish Soviet partisan Abba Kovner. Name Since time immemorial, Ašmena and its surroundings were ethnic Lithuanian territory. However, many of the indigenous inhabitants died out during the wars, famine and plague in the late 17th and the early 18th centuries, and the number of Slavic colonists grew. Lithuanians were slavicized along the Minsk-Ašmena-Vilnius axis, and by the mid-19th century, the numbers of Lithuanian-speakers had severely decreased. Presently, its Lithuanian past is sealed in the towns's name, which is of Lithuanian origin. The town's name is derived from the name of the ''Ašmena'' (modern Ashmyanka Riv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smarhon' District
Smarhon' District ( be, Смаргонскі раён) is a district (rajon) in Grodno Region of Belarus. As of the 2009 census the population was 55,296. The administrative center is Smarhon’. Main sights * Ahinski Manor in Zaliessie Notable residents * Adam Stankievič (1882, Arlianiaty village – 1949), Belarusian Roman Catholic priest, politician and writer, a Gulag prisoner * Jan Stankievič (1891, Arlianiaty village – 1976), Belarusian politician, linguist, historian and philosopher * Antoni Leszczewicz (1890, Abramaǔščyna –1943), beautified Marian Father and Roman Catholic priest, victim of the Nazis * Andrei Tsikota, Belarusian priest, member of the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic and a victim of the Gulag The Gulag, an acronym for , , "chief administration of the camps". The original name given to the system of camps controlled by the GPU was the Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps (, )., name=, group= was the government ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astravyets District
Astravyets District ( be, Астраве́цкі раён, russian: link=no, Острове́цкий райо́н) – a district (rajon) in Grodno Region of Belarus. The administrative center is Astravyets. History 1940, January 15 – established Astravyets district in the Vileika region. 1941, June 22 – Luftwaffe bombed the airfield in Mikhalishki. 1941, June 27 – district was occupied by German troops. 1944, July 3 – soviet partisans liberated Astravyets. 1944, July 7 – territory of the Astravyets district was completely liberated. 1944, September 9 – Astravyets district becomes part of Molodechno Region. 1960, January 20 – Astravyets district becomes part of Grodno Region. 1991, August 25 – district is becomes part of Republic of Belarus. 2007, June 14 — By the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 279 the heraldic symbols of the town of Ostrovets and the Ostrovets district. 2011 — Beginning of construction of the Belarusian n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vilnius Ghetto
The Vilna Ghetto was a World War II Jewish ghetto established and operated by Nazi Germany in the city of Vilnius in the modern country of Lithuania, at the time part of the Nazi-administered Reichskommissariat Ostland. During the approximately two years of its existence starvation, disease, street executions, maltreatment, and deportations to concentration and extermination camps reduced the ghetto's population from an estimated 40,000 to zero. Only several hundred people managed to survive, mostly by hiding in the forests surrounding the city, joining Soviet partisans,Piotr Zychowicz "Wybory Icchaka Arada"(the Yitzhak Arad choices), Rzeczpospolita, 12-07-2008. ''More external sources at Yitzhak Arad article.''Piotr Zychowicz "Icchak Arad: od NKVD do Yad Vashem" (From NKVD to Yad Vashem)Rzeczpospolita, July 12, 2008 or sheltering with sympathetic locals. Background Before the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, Wilno (Vilna in Yiddish) was the capital ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
