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étale Fundamental Group
The étale or algebraic fundamental group is an analogue in algebraic geometry, for schemes, of the usual fundamental group of topological spaces. Topological analogue/informal discussion In algebraic topology, the fundamental group ''π''1(''X'',''x'') of a pointed topological space (''X'',''x'') is defined as the group of homotopy classes of loops based at ''x''. This definition works well for spaces such as real and complex manifolds, but gives undesirable results for an algebraic variety with the Zariski topology. In the classification of covering spaces, it is shown that the fundamental group is exactly the group of deck transformations of the universal covering space. This is more promising: finite étale morphisms are the appropriate analogue of covering spaces. Unfortunately, an algebraic variety ''X'' often fails to have a "universal cover" that is finite over ''X'', so one must consider the entire category of finite étale coverings of ''X''. One can then define the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algebraic Geometry
Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics, classically studying zeros of multivariate polynomials. Modern algebraic geometry is based on the use of abstract algebraic techniques, mainly from commutative algebra, for solving geometrical problems about these sets of zeros. The fundamental objects of study in algebraic geometry are algebraic varieties, which are geometric manifestations of solutions of systems of polynomial equations. Examples of the most studied classes of algebraic varieties are: plane algebraic curves, which include lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses, hyperbolas, cubic curves like elliptic curves, and quartic curves like lemniscates and Cassini ovals. A point of the plane belongs to an algebraic curve if its coordinates satisfy a given polynomial equation. Basic questions involve the study of the points of special interest like the singular points, the inflection points and the points at infinity. More advanced questions involve the topology of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geometric Point
This is a glossary of algebraic geometry. See also glossary of commutative algebra, glossary of classical algebraic geometry, and glossary of ring theory. For the number-theoretic applications, see glossary of arithmetic and Diophantine geometry. For simplicity, a reference to the base scheme is often omitted; i.e., a scheme will be a scheme over some fixed base scheme ''S'' and a morphism an ''S''-morphism. !$@ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exact Sequence
An exact sequence is a sequence of morphisms between objects (for example, groups, rings, modules, and, more generally, objects of an abelian category) such that the image of one morphism equals the kernel of the next. Definition In the context of group theory, a sequence :G_0\;\xrightarrow\; G_1 \;\xrightarrow\; G_2 \;\xrightarrow\; \cdots \;\xrightarrow\; G_n of groups and group homomorphisms is said to be exact at G_i if \operatorname(f_i)=\ker(f_). The sequence is called exact if it is exact at each G_i for all 1\leq i |
Grothendieck's Galois Theory
In mathematics, Grothendieck's Galois theory is an abstract approach to the Galois theory of fields, developed around 1960 to provide a way to study the fundamental group of algebraic topology in the setting of algebraic geometry. It provides, in the classical setting of field theory, an alternative perspective to that of Emil Artin based on linear algebra, which became standard from about the 1930s. The approach of Alexander Grothendieck is concerned with the category-theoretic properties that characterise the categories of finite ''G''-sets for a fixed profinite group ''G''. For example, ''G'' might be the group denoted \hat, which is the inverse limit of the cyclic additive groups Z/nZ — or equivalently the completion of the infinite cyclic group Z for the topology of subgroups of finite index. A finite ''G''-set is then a finite set ''X'' on which ''G'' acts through a quotient finite cyclic group, so that it is specified by giving some permutation of ''X''. In the abo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Separably Closed Field
In mathematics, particularly abstract algebra, an algebraic closure of a field ''K'' is an algebraic extension of ''K'' that is algebraically closed. It is one of many closures in mathematics. Using Zorn's lemmaMcCarthy (1991) p.21Kaplansky (1972) pp.74-76 or the weaker ultrafilter lemma, it can be shown that every field has an algebraic closure, and that the algebraic closure of a field ''K'' is unique up to an isomorphism that fixes every member of ''K''. Because of this essential uniqueness, we often speak of ''the'' algebraic closure of ''K'', rather than ''an'' algebraic closure of ''K''. The algebraic closure of a field ''K'' can be thought of as the largest algebraic extension of ''K''. To see this, note that if ''L'' is any algebraic extension of ''K'', then the algebraic closure of ''L'' is also an algebraic closure of ''K'', and so ''L'' is contained within the algebraic closure of ''K''. The algebraic closure of ''K'' is also the smallest algebraically closed fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galois Group
In mathematics, in the area of abstract algebra known as Galois theory, the Galois group of a certain type of field extension is a specific group associated with the field extension. The study of field extensions and their relationship to the polynomials that give rise to them via Galois groups is called Galois theory, so named in honor of Évariste Galois who first discovered them. For a more elementary discussion of Galois groups in terms of permutation groups, see the article on Galois theory. Definition Suppose that E is an extension of the field F (written as E/F and read "''E'' over ''F'' "). An automorphism of E/F is defined to be an automorphism of E that fixes F pointwise. In other words, an automorphism of E/F is an isomorphism \alpha:E\to E such that \alpha(x) = x for each x\in F. The set of all automorphisms of E/F forms a group with the operation of function composition. This group is sometimes denoted by \operatorname(E/F). If E/F is a Galois extension, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Field (mathematics)
In mathematics, a field is a set on which addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are defined and behave as the corresponding operations on rational and real numbers do. A field is thus a fundamental algebraic structure which is widely used in algebra, number theory, and many other areas of mathematics. The best known fields are the field of rational numbers, the field of real numbers and the field of complex numbers. Many other fields, such as fields of rational functions, algebraic function fields, algebraic number fields, and ''p''-adic fields are commonly used and studied in mathematics, particularly in number theory and algebraic geometry. Most cryptographic protocols rely on finite fields, i.e., fields with finitely many elements. The relation of two fields is expressed by the notion of a field extension. Galois theory, initiated by Évariste Galois in the 1830s, is devoted to understanding the symmetries of field extensions. Among other results, thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Société Mathématique De France
Lactalis is a French multinational dairy products corporation, owned by the Besnier family and based in Laval, Mayenne, France. The company's former name was Besnier SA. Lactalis is the largest dairy products group in the world, and is the second largest food products group in France, behind Danone. It owns brands such as Parmalat, Président, Siggi's Dairy, Skånemejerier, Rachel's Organic, and Stonyfield Farm. History André Besnier started a small cheesemaking company in 1933 and launched its ''Président'' brand of Camembert in 1968. In 1990, it acquired Group Bridel (2,300 employees, 10 factories, fourth-largest French dairy group) with a presence in 60 countries. In 1992, it acquired United States cheese company Sorrento. In 1999, ''la société Besnier'' became ''le groupe Lactalis'' owned by Belgian holding company BSA International SA. In 2006, they bought Italian group Galbani, and in 2008, bought Swiss cheesemaker Baer. They bought Italian group Parmalat in a 2011 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Directed Set
In mathematics, a directed set (or a directed preorder or a filtered set) is a nonempty set A together with a reflexive and transitive binary relation \,\leq\, (that is, a preorder), with the additional property that every pair of elements has an upper bound. In other words, for any a and b in A there must exist c in A with a \leq c and b \leq c. A directed set's preorder is called a . The notion defined above is sometimes called an . A is defined analogously, meaning that every pair of elements is bounded below. Some authors (and this article) assume that a directed set is directed upward, unless otherwise stated. Other authors call a set directed if and only if it is directed both upward and downward. Directed sets are a generalization of nonempty totally ordered sets. That is, all totally ordered sets are directed sets (contrast ordered sets, which need not be directed). Join-semilattices (which are partially ordered sets) are directed sets as well, but not conversely. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Projective System
In mathematics, the inverse limit (also called the projective limit) is a construction that allows one to "glue together" several related objects, the precise gluing process being specified by morphisms between the objects. Thus, inverse limits can be defined in any category although their existence depends on the category that is considered. They are a special case of the concept of limit in category theory. By working in the dual category, that is by reverting the arrows, an inverse limit becomes a direct limit or ''inductive limit'', and a ''limit'' becomes a colimit. Formal definition Algebraic objects We start with the definition of an inverse system (or projective system) of groups and homomorphisms. Let (I, \leq) be a directed poset (not all authors require ''I'' to be directed). Let (''A''''i'')''i''∈''I'' be a family of groups and suppose we have a family of homomorphisms f_: A_j \to A_i for all i \leq j (note the order) with the following properties: # f_ is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Representable Functor
In mathematics, particularly category theory, a representable functor is a certain functor from an arbitrary category into the category of sets. Such functors give representations of an abstract category in terms of known structures (i.e. sets and functions) allowing one to utilize, as much as possible, knowledge about the category of sets in other settings. From another point of view, representable functors for a category ''C'' are the functors ''given'' with ''C''. Their theory is a vast generalisation of upper sets in posets, and of Cayley's theorem in group theory. Definition Let C be a locally small category and let Set be the category of sets. For each object ''A'' of C let Hom(''A'',–) be the hom functor that maps object ''X'' to the set Hom(''A'',''X''). A functor ''F'' : C → Set is said to be representable if it is naturally isomorphic to Hom(''A'',–) for some object ''A'' of C. A representation of ''F'' is a pair (''A'', Φ) where :Φ : Hom(''A'',&ndash ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yoneda Functor
In mathematics, the Yoneda lemma is arguably the most important result in category theory. It is an abstract result on functors of the type ''morphisms into a fixed object''. It is a vast generalisation of Cayley's theorem from group theory (viewing a group as a miniature category with just one object and only isomorphisms). It allows the embedding of any locally small category into a category of functors (contravariant set-valued functors) defined on that category. It also clarifies how the embedded category, of representable functors and their natural transformations, relates to the other objects in the larger functor category. It is an important tool that underlies several modern developments in algebraic geometry and representation theory. It is named after Nobuo Yoneda. Generalities The Yoneda lemma suggests that instead of studying the locally small category \mathcal , one should study the category of all functors of \mathcal into \mathbf (the category of sets with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
