|
Waxcap
''Hygrocybe'' is a genus of agarics (gilled fungi) in the family Hygrophoraceae. Called waxcaps in English (sometimes waxy caps in North America), basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are often brightly coloured and have dry to waxy caps, white spores, and smooth, ringless stems. In Europe they are characteristic of old, unimproved grasslands (termed waxcap grasslands) which are a declining habitat, making many ''Hygrocybe'' species of conservation concern. Four of these waxcap-grassland species, ''Hygrocybe citrinovirens'', '' H. punicea'', '' H. spadicea'', and '' H. splendidissima'', are assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Elsewhere waxcaps are more typically found in woodlands. Most are ground-dwelling and all are believed to be biotrophs. Around 150 species are recognized worldwide. Fruit bodies of several ''Hygrocybe'' species are considered edible and are sometimes offered for sale in local markets. Taxonomy History ''Hygrocybe'' was first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waxcap Grassland
Waxcap grassland is short-sward, nutrient-poor grassland that supports a rich assemblage of larger fungi, particularly waxcaps (species of ''Hygrocybe'' and related genera), characteristic of such habitats. Waxcap grasslands occur principally in Europe, where they are declining as a result of agricultural practices. The fungal species are consequently of conservation concern and efforts have been made in the United Kingdom and elsewhere to protect both the grasslands and their characteristic fungi. Over 20 species of European waxcap grassland fungi are assessed as globally "vulnerable" or "endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Background The association of waxcaps with unimproved (nutrient-poor) grasslands was first noted in 1949 in the Netherlands, but current interest was stimulated by a series of papers published by Dutch mycologist Eef Arnolds in the 1980s. Arnolds not only confirmed the association of waxcaps with unimproved grasslands, but also noted the ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrophoraceae
The Hygrophoraceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Originally conceived as containing white-spored, thick-gilled agarics (gilled mushrooms), including ''Hygrophorus'' and ''Hygrocybe'' species (the waxcaps or waxy caps), DNA evidence has extended the limits of the family, so it now contains not only agarics, but also basidiolichens and corticioid fungi. Species are thus diverse and are variously ectomycorrhizal, lichenized, associated with mosses, or saprotrophic. The family contains 25 genera and over 600 species. None is of any great economic importance, though fruit bodies of some ''Hygrocybe'' and ''Hygrophorus'' species are considered edible and may be collected for sale in local markets. Taxonomy History The family Hygrophoraceae was first proposed by Dutch botanist Johannes Paulus Lotsy (1907) to accommodate agarics with thick, waxy lamellae (gills) and white spores. Lotsy's concept of the family included not only the waxcap-related genera ''Hygrophorus'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrocybe Spadicea
''Hygrocybe spadicea'' is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Date Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally " vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Taxonomy The species was first described from Carniola (present-day Slovenia) in 1772 by naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli as ''Agaricus spadiceus''. Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten transferred it to the genus ''Hygrocybe'' in 1879. Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed that ''Hygrocybe spadicea'' is a distinct species and belongs in ''Hygrocybe'' sensu stricto. Description Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 90 mm (5 in) tall, the cap conical at first, retaining an acute or distinct umbo when expanded, up to 80 mm (3&nbs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrocybe Punicea
''Hygrocybe punicea'' is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of crimson waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally " vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Records of ''H. punicea'' from North America (where it is called scarlet waxy cap and occurs in woodland), East Asia, and Australia require further research to see if they represent the same species. Taxonomy The species was first described in 1821 by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries as ''Agaricus puniceus'', the Latin "puniceus" meaning "blood red". German mycologist Paul Kummer transferred it to the genus ''Hygrocybe'' in 1871. Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed that ''Hygrocybe punicea'' belongs in ''Hygrocybe'' sensu stricto. Desc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrocybe Citrinovirens
''Hygrocybe citrinovirens'' is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Citrine Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Taxonomy The species was first described from Denmark in 1923 by mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange as ''Camarophyllus citrinovirens''. Julius Schäffer transferred it to the genus ''Hygrocybe'' in 1947. Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that ''Hygrocybe citrinovirens'' is distinct and belongs in ''Hygrocybe'' sensu stricto. Description Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 130mm (5 in) tall, the cap conical at first, retaining an acute or distinct umbo when expanded, up to 90mm (3 in) across, often splitting at the margins. The cap sur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrocybe Conica
''Hygrocybe conica'' is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. In the UK it has been given the recommended English name of blackening waxcap, since all parts of the basidiocarp (fruit body) blacken with age. In North America it is commonly known as the witch's hat, conical wax cap or conical slimy cap. ''Hygrocybe conica'' is known to be a complex of at least eleven closely related species and as such is widespread in Europe, North America, Asia, and elsewhere. Taxonomy The species was first described from Bavaria in 1774 by German polymath Jacob Christian Schäffer, who named it ''Agaricus conicus''. Paul Kummer transferred it to the genus ''Hygrocybe'' in 1871. Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed that ''Hygrocybe conica'' belongs in ''Hygrocybe'' sensu stricto. However, it has also indicated that the name is currently applied to at least eleven closely related but genetically distinct taxa worldwid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrocybe Splendidissima
''Hygrocybe splendidissima'', is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Splendid Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Taxonomy The species was first described in 1960 by British mycologist P.D. Orton as a species of ''Hygrophorus''. The type was collected by Orton in fields near Membury, Devon, in 1957 Meinhard Moser transferred the species to the genus ''Hygrocybe'' in 1967. Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that ''Hygrocybe splendidissima'' is distinct and belongs in ''Hygrocybe'' sensu stricto. Description Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 100mm (4 in) tall, the cap conical to convex at first, retaining a broad umbo or becoming flat when ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biotroph
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has characterised parasites as "predators that eat prey in units of less than one". Parasites include single-celled protozoans such as the agents of malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery; animals such as hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats; fungi such as honey fungus and the agents of ringworm; and plants such as mistletoe, dodder, and the broomrapes. There are six major parasitic strategies of exploitation of animal hosts, namely parasitic castration, directly transmitted parasitism (by contact), trophicallytransmitted parasitism (by being eaten), vector-transmitted parasitism, parasitoidism, and micropredation. One major axis of classification concerns invasiveness: an endoparasite lives inside the host's body; an ect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edible Fungi
Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies of several species of macrofungi (fungi which bear fruiting structures that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye). They can appear either below ground (hypogeous) or above ground (epigeous) where they may be picked by hand. Edibility may be defined by criteria that include absence of poisonous effects on humans and desirable taste and aroma. Edible mushrooms are consumed for their nutritional and culinary value. Mushrooms, especially dried shiitake, are sources of umami flavor. Edible mushrooms include many fungal species that are either harvested wild or cultivated. Easily cultivated and common wild mushrooms are often available in markets, and those that are more difficult to obtain (such as the prized truffle, matsutake, and morel) may be collected on a smaller scale by private gatherers. Some preparations may render certain poisonous mushrooms fit for consumption. Before assuming that any wild mushroom is e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycologist
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungus, fungi, including their genetics, genetic and biochemistry, biochemical properties, their Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and ethnomycology, their use to humans, including as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, Edible mushroom, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poison, toxicity or fungal infection, infection. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist. Mycology branches into the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases, and the two disciplines remain closely related because the vast majority of plant pathogens are fungi. Overview Historically, mycology was a branch of botany because, although fungi are evolutionarily more closely related to animals than to plants, this was not recognized until a few decades ago. Pioneer mycologists included Elias Magnus Fries, Christian Hendrik Persoon, Anton de Bary, Elizabeth Eaton Morse, and Lewis David von Schweinitz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elias Magnus Fries
Elias Magnus Fries (15 August 1794 – 8 February 1878) was a Swedish mycologist and botanist. Career Fries was born at Femsjö (Hylte Municipality), Småland, the son of the pastor there. He attended school in Växjö. He acquired an extensive knowledge of flowering plants from his father. In 1811 Fries entered Lund University where he obtained a doctorate in 1814. In the same year he was appointed an associate professorship in botany. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and in 1824, became a full professor. In 1834 he became Borgström professor (Swed. ''Borgströmianska professuren'', a chair endowed by Erik Eriksson Borgström, 1708–1770) in applied economics at Uppsala University. The position was changed to "professor of botany and applied economics" in 1851. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1849. That year he was also appointed director of the Uppsala University Botanica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petter Adolf Karsten
Petter Adolf Karsten (16 February 1834 – 22 March 1917) was a Finnish mycologist, the foremost expert on the fungi of Finland in his day, and known in consequence as the "father of Finnish mycology". Karsten was born in Merimasku near Turku, studied at the University of Helsinki, and then moved to the inland of Tammela, where he spent most of his life with teaching botany and doing research at the Mustiala Agriculture Institute (now the Faculty of Agriculture of the HAMK University of Applied Sciences). He amassed a vast collection, both by his own efforts and those of his correspondents, and named about 200 new genera and 2,000 new species. In his mycological studies he extensively used the microscope and can be considered as the pioneer of fungal microscopy. ''Karstenia'', the international journal of mycology published by the Finnish Mycological Society, is dedicated to Karsten. Honours In 1885, botanist Elias Magnus Fries published ''Karstenia'' is a genus of fungi in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
