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War-responsibility Trials
The war-responsibility trials in Finland ( fi, Sotasyyllisyysoikeudenkäynti, sv, Krigsansvarighetsprocessen) were trials of the Finnish wartime leaders held responsible for "definitely influencing Finland in getting into a war with the Soviet Union and United Kingdom in 1941 or preventing peace" during the Continuation War, the Finnish term for their participation in the Second World War from 1941–1944. Unlike other World War II war-responsibility trials, the Finnish trials were not international. The trials were conducted from November 1945 through February 1946 by a special court consisting of the presidents of the Supreme Court of Finland, the Supreme Administrative Court of Finland, a professor from the University of Helsinki and twelve MPs appointed by the Parliament of Finland. The accused were convicted and were imprisoned until they were eventually paroled and then pardoned. Background The Moscow Armistice, signed September 19, 1944, contained the following Artic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henrik Ramsay
Carl Henrik Wolter Ramsay (31 March 1886 in Helsinki – 25 July 1951 in Visby) was a Finnish politician and an economist from the Swedish People's Party. Ramsay is mostly remembered for the fact that he was sentenced in the war-responsibility trials in 1946. Biography Early life His father was statesman August Ramsay and his mother was Jully Ramsay, a historian. He belonged to a Scottish noble family emigrated to Finland in the 16th century and he was one of the few in Finland entitled to use the title Sir, however, Ramsay did not use the title. Henrik Ramsay completed his Ph.D. in chemistry in 1909 at Helsinki University and worked after graduating as a sugar chemist in Russia and afterwards as a director of a sugar refinery in Helsinki. World War 2 Minister Ramsay was a versatile actor in the Finnish society since the 1910s. Ramsay was a member of the central committee of the Swedish People's Party from 1917 to 1935, of which the period 1922–1935 he was the party's deputy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toivo Kivimäki
Toivo is a masculine given name most commonly found in Estonia and Finland and may refer to: *Andimba Toivo ya Toivo (1924–2017), Namibian politician and anti-Apartheid activist *Sigrid Elmblad (1860–1926), Swedish journalist, poet, translator and writer who wrote under the pseudonym Toivo *Toivo Aalto-Setälä (1896–1977), Finnish politician *Toivo Aare (1944–1999), Estonian journalist *Toivo Alavirta (1890–1940), Finnish journalist and politician *Toivo Antikainen (1898–1941), Finnish communist and military officer * Toivo Aro (1887–1962), Finnish diver and Olympic competitor *Toivo Aronen (1886–1973), Finnish politician *Toivo Asmer (born 1947), Estonian racing driver, motorsports promoter, musician and politician *Toivo Haapanen (1889–1950), conductor and music scholar * Toivo Halonen (1893–1984), Finnish politician * Toivo Harjunpää (1910–1995), Finnish-born American Lutheran priest and professor *Toivo Horelli (1888–1975), Finnish politician * Toivo H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Väinö Tanner
Väinö Alfred Tanner (; 12 March 1881 – 19 April 1966; surname until 1895 ''Thomasson'') was a leading figure in the Social Democratic Party of Finland, and a pioneer and leader of the cooperative movement in Finland. He was Prime Minister of Finland in 1926–1927. Tanner was born in Helsinki as the son of a railway brakesman of modest means. After matriculating in 1900, he studied at the business college ''Suomen Liikemiesten Kauppaopisto'' (one of two predecessors of the present-day Business College Helsinki). He also studied law, graduating as a jurist in 1911. Tanner started work as a trainee at the ''Großeinkaufs-Gesellschaft Deutscher Consumvereine (GEG)'' in Hamburg, Germany, while still a student, and in 1903, after returning to Finland, became manager of ''Turun Vähäväkisten Osuusliike'', then the largest cooperative retail society in Finland. He was later appointed to the supervisory board of the Helsinki-based cooperative ''Elanto'' in 1907, and also beca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edwin Linkomies
Edwin Johannes Hildegard Linkomies (22 December 1894 – 9 September 1963, until 1928 ''Edwin Flinck)'' was Prime Minister of Finland from March 1943 to August 1944, and one of the seven politicians sentenced to five and a half years in prison as responsible for the Continuation War, on the demand of the Soviet Union. Linkomies was a prominent fennoman academic, pro-rector (administrative head) of the University of Helsinki 1932 to 1943, rector 1956 to 1962, and the government's Chancellor of the University from 1962 until his death. Biography Linkomies was born as Edwin Flinck in southeastern Finland's Viipuri, the son of a Swedish-Finnish officer who died soon after Edwin's birth, but Edwin grew up in western Finland at Rauma, in a mostly Finnish-speaking region of Finland. He had a quick and splendid career in academia: He graduated at age nineteen, wrote his dissertation at 22 at the University of Helsinki, where seven years later he was appointed professor and head o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jukka Rangell
Johan Wilhelm (Jukka) Rangell (25 October 1894 – 12 March 1982) was the Prime Minister of Finland from 1941 to 1943. Educated as a lawyer, he was a close acquaintance of President Risto Ryti before the war, and made his initial career as a banker in the Bank of Finland.Sakari Virkkunen, ''Myrskyajan presidentti Ryti'', Otava, Keuruu, 1985, pp. 68–70. He played a role in the efforts at a 1940 Summer Olympics in Helsinki after the International Olympic Committee (IOC) retracted the original choice of Tokyo. After the resignation of President Kyösti Kallio during the Interim Peace, Risto Ryti was elected by the Electoral College as the new president of Finland on December 19, 1940, and Rangell rose to the position of Prime Minister. In office, Rangell's expertise and influence dealt mainly with economic issues, while more important foreign policy power rested on Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim, President Ryti and Foreign Minister Witting. Due to his connections to the IOC follow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Risto Ryti
Risto Heikki Ryti (; 3 February 1889 – 25 October 1956) served as the fifth president of Finland from 1940 to 1944. Ryti started his career as a politician in the field of economics and as a political background figure during the interwar period. He made a wide range of international contacts in the world of banking and within the framework of the League of Nations. Ryti served (1939–1940) as prime minister during the Winter War of 1939–1940 and the Interim Peace of 1940–1941. Later he became president during the Continuation War of 1941–1944. After the war, Ryti was the main defendant in the Finnish war-responsibility trials (1945–1946), which resulted in his conviction for crimes against peace. Ryti penned the 1944 Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement (named after Ryti and Joachim von Ribbentrop), a personal letter from Ryti to Nazi German Führer Adolf Hitler whereby Ryti agreed not to reach a separate peace in the Continuation War against the Soviet Union without approval ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministers - Martures ''
{{disambiguation ...
Minister may refer to: * Minister (Christianity), a Christian cleric ** Minister (Catholic Church) * Minister (government), a member of government who heads a ministry (government department) ** Minister without portfolio, a member of government with the rank of a normal minister but who doesn't head a ministry ** Shadow minister, a member of a Shadow Cabinet of the opposition ** Minister (Austria) * Minister (diplomacy), the rank of diplomat directly below ambassador * Ministerialis, a member of a noble class in the Holy Roman Empire * ''The Minister'', a 2011 French-Belgian film directed by Pierre Schöller See also *Ministry (other) *Minster (other) *''Yes Minister ''Yes Minister'' is a British political satire sitcom written by Antony Jay and Jonathan Lynn. Comprising three seven-episode series, it was first transmitted on BBC2 from 1980 to 1984. A sequel, ''Yes, Prime Minister'', ran for 16 episodes fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ex Post Facto Law
An ''ex post facto'' law (from ) is a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences (or status) of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law. In criminal law, it may Criminalization, criminalize actions that were legal when committed; it may aggravate a crime by bringing it into a more severe category than it was in when it was committed; it may change the punishment prescribed for a crime, as by adding new penalties or extending sentences; or it may alter the rules of evidence in order to make conviction for a crime likelier than it would have been when the deed was committed. Conversely, a form of ''ex post facto'' law commonly called an amnesty law may decriminalize certain acts. (Alternatively, rather than redefining the relevant acts as non-criminal, it may simply prohibit prosecution; or it may enact that there is to be no punishment, but leave the underlying conviction technically unaltered.) A pardon has a similar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juho Kusti Paasikivi
Juho Kusti Paasikivi (; 27 November 1870 – 14 December 1956) was the seventh president of Finland (1946–1956). Representing the Finnish Party until its dissolution in 1918 and then the National Coalition Party, he also served as Prime Minister of Finland (1918 and 1944–1946). In addition to the above, Paasikivi held several other positions of trust, and was an influential figure in Finnish economics and politics for over fifty years. Paasikivi is remembered as a main architect of Finland's foreign policy after the Second World War; for example, the Paasikivi Society (''Paasikivi-seura''), founded in 1958 under the leadership of Jan-Magnus Jansson, sought to nurture Paasikivi's political legacy, especially during the Cold War, by promoting fact-based foreign policy thinking in Finland and making Finland's policy of neutrality internationally known. Early life and political career Birth and childhood Paasikivi was born Johan Gustaf Hellsten in 1870 at the smoke sauna o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rule Of Law
The rule of law is the political philosophy that all citizens and institutions within a country, state, or community are accountable to the same laws, including lawmakers and leaders. The rule of law is defined in the ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' as "the mechanism, process, institution, practice, or norm that supports the equality of all citizens before the law, secures a nonarbitrary form of government, and more generally prevents the arbitrary use of power." The term ''rule of law'' is closely related to constitutionalism as well as ''Rechtsstaat'' and refers to a political situation, not to any specific legal rule. Use of the phrase can be traced to 16th-century Britain. In the following century, the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford employed it in arguing against the divine right of kings. John Locke wrote that freedom in society means being subject only to laws made by a legislature that apply to everyone, with a person being otherwise free from both governmental and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
