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Value Of Lost Load
The Value of Lost Load (VoLL) is the estimated amount that customers receiving electricity with firm contracts would be willing to pay to avoid a disruption in their electricity service. The value of these losses can be expressed as a customer damage function (CDF). A CDF is defined as: Loss ($/kW) = ƒ (duration, season, time of day, notice) Based on the calculated outage cost, a CDF can be obtained for various customer groups. Typically, there are three distinct groups of customers: residential, small and medium commercial/industry and large commercial/industrial. Figure 1 below illustrates the incremental CDFs of these three groups. The CDF relates the magnitude of customer losses (per kW interrupted) for a given duration of a power outage. While the general shapes of all three curves are similar, the magnitude of loss varies dramatically depending on the customer's size. Based on VoLL data from an EGAT survey in March and April 2000,“Electricity Outage Cost Study� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electricity Generation
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy. For electric utility, utilities in the electric power industry, it is the stage prior to its Electricity delivery, delivery (Electric power transmission, transmission, Electric power distribution, distribution, etc.) to end users or its Grid energy storage, storage (using, for example, the Pumped-storage hydroelectricity, pumped-storage method). Electricity is not freely available in nature, so it must be "produced" (that is, transforming other forms of energy to electricity). Production is carried out in power stations (also called "power plants"). Electricity is most often generated at a power plant by electromechanical electric generator, generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. Other energy sources include solar photovoltaics and geothermal power. There are al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electricity Market
In a broad sense, an electricity market is a system that facilitates the exchange of electricity-related goods and services. During more than a century of evolution of the electric power industry, the economics of the electricity markets had undergone enormous changes for reasons ranging from the technological advances on supply and demand sides to politics and ideology. A restructuring of electric power industry at the turn of the 21st century involved replacing the vertically integrated and tightly regulated "traditional" electricity market with multiple competitive markets for electricity generation, transmission, distribution, and retailing. The traditional and competitive market approaches loosely correspond to two visions of industry: the deregulation was transforming electricity from a public service (like sewerage) into a tradable good (like crude oil). As of 2020s, the traditional markets are still common in some regions, including large parts of the United Stat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Power Outage
A power outage (also called a powercut, a power out, a power failure, a power blackout, a power loss, or a blackout) is the loss of the electrical power network supply to an end user. There are many causes of power failures in an electricity network. Examples of these causes include faults at power stations, damage to electric transmission lines, substations or other parts of the distribution system, a short circuit, cascading failure, fuse or circuit breaker operation. Power failures are particularly critical at sites where the environment and public safety are at risk. Institutions such as hospitals, sewage treatment plants, and mines will usually have backup power sources such as standby generators, which will automatically start up when electrical power is lost. Other critical systems, such as telecommunication, are also required to have emergency power. The battery room of a telephone exchange usually has arrays of lead–acid batteries for backup and also a socket ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voll Cdf
Voll may refer to: Places Norway *Voll, Akershus, a village area in Bærum municipality in Viken county * Voll, Møre og Romsdal, a former municipality in Møre og Romsdal county * Voll, Rauma, a village area in Rauma municipality in Møre og Romsdal county ** Voll Church, a church in Rauma municipality, Møre og Romsdal county, Norway *Voll, Rogaland, a village in Klepp municipality in Rogaland county *Voll, Trøndelag, a village in Rennebu municipality in Trøndelag county People with the surname * Christoph Voll (1897-1939), German sculptor and graphic artist associated with Expressionism *Daniel Voll, American journalist * Jacqueline Voll (born 1987), Dutch figure skater *John J. Voll (1922-1987), career officer in the United States Air Force and a World War II flying ace * Toomas Voll (born 1958), Estonian composer, conductor and choir director Other uses *VoLL, or Value of lost load The Value of Lost Load (VoLL) is the estimated amount that customers receiving electricity wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electric Power Research Institute
EPRI, is an American independent, nonprofit organization that conducts research and development related to the generation, delivery, and use of electricity to help address challenges in the energy industry, including reliability, efficiency, affordability, health, safety, and the environment. EPRI's principal offices and laboratories are located in Palo Alto, California; Charlotte, North Carolina; Knoxville, Tennessee; Washington, DC; and Lenox, Massachusetts. History In November 1965, the Great Northeastern Blackout left 30 million people in the United States without electricity. Historic in scale and impact, it demonstrated the nation's growing dependence upon electricity and its vulnerability to power loss. The event marked a watershed moment for the U.S. electricity sector and triggered the creation of the Electric Power Research Institute. Following the blackout, leaders in Congress held hearings in the early 1970s about the lack of research supporting the power industry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Power Engineering
Power engineering, also called power systems engineering, is a subfield of electrical engineering that deals with the generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric power, and the electrical apparatus connected to such systems. Although much of the field is concerned with the problems of three-phase AC power – the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world – a significant fraction of the field is concerned with the conversion between AC and DC power and the development of specialized power systems such as those used in aircraft or for electric railway networks. Power engineering draws the majority of its theoretical base from electrical engineering. History Pioneering years Electricity became a subject of scientific interest in the late 17th century. Over the next two centuries a number of important discoveries were made including the incandescent light bulb and the voltaic pile. Probably the greatest dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Energy Economics
Energy economics is a broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies. Considering the cost of energy services and associated value gives economic meaning to the efficiency at which energy can be produced. Energy services can be defined as functions that generate and provide energy to the “desired end services or states”. The efficiency of energy services is dependent on the engineered technology used to produce and supply energy. The goal is to minimise energy input required (e.g. kWh, mJ, see Units of Energy) to produce the energy service, such as lighting ( lumens), heating (temperature) and fuel (natural gas). The main sectors considered in energy economics are transportation and building, although it is relevant to a broad scale of human activities, including households and businesses at a microeconomic level and resource management and environmental impacts at a macroeconomic level. Due to diversity of issues a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
