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Viability
Viability is the ability of a thing (a living organism, an artificial system, an idea, etc.) to maintain itself or recover its potentialities. Viability or viable may refer to: Biology, medicine or ecology * Viability selection, the selection of individual organisms who can survive until they are able to reproduce * Fetal viability, the ability of a fetus to survive outside of the uterus * Genetic viability, chance of a population of plants or animals to avoid the problems of inbreeding * Minimum viable population, a lower bound on the population of a species, such that it can survive in the wild * Population viability analysis, a species-specific method of risk assessment frequently used in conservation biology * Viable count, of viable cells Business * Viability study, a study of the profitability of a business concept which is to be converted into a business * Minimum viable product, in product development, a strategy used for fast and quantitative market testing of a product ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fetal Viability
Fetal viability is the ability of a human fetus to survive outside the uterus. Medical viability is generally considered to be between 23 and 24 weeks Gestational age (obstetrics), gestational age. Viability depends upon factors such as birth weight, gestational age, and the availability of advanced medical care. In Developing country, low-income countries, half of newborns born at or below 32 weeks gestational age died due to a lack of medical access; in World Bank high-income economy, high-income countries, the vast majority of newborns born above 24 weeks gestational age survive. As of 2022, the world record for the lowest gestational age newborn to survive is held by Curtis Zy-Keith Means, who was born on 5 July 2020 in the United States, at 21 weeks and 1 day gestational age, weighing 420 grams. Definitions ''Viability'', as the word has been used in the United States constitutional law since ''Roe v. Wade'', is the potential of the fetus to survive outside the uterus after bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic Viability
Genetic viability is the ability of the genes present to allow a cell, organism or population to survive and reproduce. The term is generally used to mean the chance or ability of a population to avoid the problems of inbreeding. Less commonly genetic viability can also be used in respect to a single cell or on an individual level. Inbreeding depletes heterozygosity of the genome, meaning there is a greater chance of identical alleles at a locus. When these alleles are non-beneficial, homozygosity could cause problems for genetic viability. These problems could include effects on the individual fitness (higher mortality, slower growth, more frequent developmental defects, reduced mating ability, lower fecundity, greater susceptibility to disease, lowered ability to withstand stress, reduced intra- and inter-specific competitive ability) or effects on the entire population fitness (depressed population growth rate, reduced regrowth ability, reduced ability to adapt to environment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viability Assay
A viability assay is an assay that is created to determine the ability of organs, cells or tissues to maintain or recover a state of survival. Viability can be distinguished from the all-or-nothing states of life and death by the use of a quantifiable index that ranges between the integers of 0 and 1 or, if more easily understood, the range of 0% and 100%. Viability can be observed through the physical properties of cells, tissues, and organs. Some of these include mechanical activity, motility, such as with spermatozoa and granulocytes, the contraction of muscle tissue or cells, mitotic activity in cellular functions, and more. Viability assays provide a more precise basis for measurement of an organism's level of vitality. Viability assays can lead to more findings than the difference of living versus nonliving. These techniques can be used to assess the success of cell culture techniques, cryopreservation techniques, the toxicity of substances, or the effectiveness of substanc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Population Viability Analysis
Population viability analysis (PVA) is a species-specific method of risk assessment frequently used in conservation biology. It is traditionally defined as the process that determines the probability that a population will go extinct within a given number of years. More recently, PVA has been described as a marriage of ecology and statistics that brings together species characteristics and environmental variability to forecast population health and extinction risk. Each PVA is individually developed for a target population or species, and consequently, each PVA is unique. The larger goal in mind when conducting a PVA is to ensure that the population of a species is self-sustaining over the long term. Uses Population viability analysis (PVA) is used to estimate the likelihood of a population’s extinction and indicate the urgency of recovery efforts, and identify key life stages or processes that should be the focus of recovery efforts. PVA is also used to identify factors that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viability Theory
Viability theory is an area of mathematics that studies the evolution of dynamical systems under constraints on the system state. It was developed to formalize problems arising in the study of various natural and social phenomena, and has close ties to the theories of optimal control and set-valued analysis. Motivation Many systems, organizations, and networks arising in biology and the social sciences do not evolve in a deterministic way, nor even in a stochastic way. Rather they evolve with a Darwinian flavor, driven by random fluctuations but yet constrained to remain "viable" by their environment. Viability theory started in 1976 by translating mathematically the title of the book Chance and Necessity by Jacques Monod to the differential inclusion x '(t) \in F (x (t)) for chance and x (t) \in K for necessity. The differential inclusion is a type of “evolutionary engine” (called an evolutionary system associating with any initial state x a subset of evolutions starting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viable System Theory
Viable system theory (VST) concerns cybernetic processes in relation to the development/evolution of dynamical systems. They are considered to be living systems in the sense that they are complex and adaptive, can learn, and are capable of maintaining an autonomous existence, at least within the confines of their constraints. These attributes involve the maintenance of internal stability through adaptation to changing environments. One can distinguish between two strands such theory: formal systems and principally non-formal system. Formal viable system theory is normally referred to as viability theory, and provides a mathematical approach to explore the dynamics of complex systems set within the context of control theory. In contrast, principally non-formal viable system theory is concerned with descriptive approaches to the study of viability through the processes of control and communication, though these theories may have mathematical descriptions associated with them. Hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viability Selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial selection, which in his view is intentional, whereas natural selection is not. Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and their offspring can inherit such mutations. Throughout the lives of the individuals, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment. Because individuals with certain variants of the trait tend to survive and reproduce more than individuals with o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minimum Viable Population
Minimum viable population (MVP) is a lower bound on the population of a species, such that it can survive in the wild. This term is commonly used in the fields of biology, ecology, and conservation biology. MVP refers to the smallest possible size at which a biological population can exist without facing extinction from natural disasters or demographic, environmental, or genetic stochasticity. The term "population" is defined as a group of interbreeding individuals in similar geographic area that undergo negligible gene flow with other groups of the species. Typically, MVP is used to refer to a wild population, but can also be used for ex-situ conservation (Zoo populations). Estimation There is no unique definition of what is a sufficient population for the continuation of a species, because whether a species survives will depend to some extent on random events. Thus any calculation of a minimum viable population (MVP) will depend on the population projection model used. A set of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minimum Viable Product
A minimum viable product (MVP) is a version of a product with just enough features to be usable by early customers who can then provide feedback for future product development. A focus on releasing an MVP means that developers potentially avoid lengthy and (possibly) unnecessary work. Instead, they iterate on working versions and respond to feedback, challenging and validating assumptions about a product's requirements. The term was coined and defined in 2001 by Frank Robinson and then popularized by Steve Blank and Eric Ries.W. S. Junk,The Dynamic Balance Between Cost, Schedule, Features, and Quality in Software Development Projects, Computer Science Dept., University of Idaho, SEPM-001, April 2000. It may also involve carrying out market analysis beforehand. The MVP is analogous to experimentation in the scientific method applied in the context of validating business hypotheses. It is utilized so that prospective entrepreneurs would know whether a given business idea would actu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viable Count
Viable count is a method used in cell culture to determine the number of living cells in a culture. This is different from other cell counting, cell counting techniques because it makes a distinction between live and dead cells. Method A dilution of the cells to be counted is prepared and mixed with Trypan blue, this is normally the stain of choice because it is taken up by dead cells and actively excluded from live cells. Once the cells have been stained they are counted using a Hemocytometer, then a calculation is carried out to determine the original concentration of live cells. Use in Cell Culture Determining the viable cell count is important for calculating dilutions required for the subculture_(biology), passaging of cells, as well as determining the size and number of flasks needed during growth time. It is also vital when seeding plates for assays, such as the plaque assay, because the plates need a known number of live replicating cells for the virus to attach to and rep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viability Study
A Viability study is an in depth investigation of the profitability of the business idea to be converted into a business enterprise.Nieuwenhuizen, C., Le Roux, E.E. and Jacobs, H., (2004). Entrepreneurship and how to establish your own business. 2nd Edition, Juta, Pretoria, RSA. Feasibility report This type of report studies a situation (for example, a problem or opportunity) and the plan for doing something about it, then determines whether that plan is "feasible". This would involve determining whether it is technologically possible to achieve and whether it is practical in the current technological, economical and social scenario. The feasibility report does not provide a simple "Yes" or "No" answer, but is used in the analysis of a decision. It is not just a tool to provide a recommendation, it is also used to gather data and give reasoning behind the recommendation given, to be later used in evaluation. This study is the most important especially to people who plan to start th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viable Paradise
Viable Paradise is an annual one-week residential writing workshop held each autumn on the island of Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts and is focused on speculative fiction. The workshop began in 1997, as part of a science fiction convention presented by the Martha's Vineyard Science Fiction Association. After 1998, the convention was discontinued, but the workshop continued. Present and past instructors include: Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Teresa Nielsen Hayden, James D. Macdonald, Debra Doyle, Steven Gould, Laura J. Mixon, Lawrence Watt-Evans, Elizabeth Moon, Maureen McHugh, James Patrick Kelly, Elizabeth Bear, Cory Doctorow, John Scalzi, Sherwood Smith, Steven Brust, Daryl Gregory, and Scott Lynch. Past students include authors Curtis C. Chen, Julie C. Day, Claire Humphrey, N. K. Jemisin, Marko Kloos, Fonda Lee, Sandra McDonald, Paul Melko, David MolesMargaret Ronald Greg van Eekhout, and Fran Wilde; and podcast editors and authors Serah Eley and Mur Lafferty Mur Laffe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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