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Tyrosol
Tyrosol is an organic compound with the formula . Classified as a phenylethanoid, i.e. a derivative of phenethyl alcohol, It is found in a variety of natural sources. The compound is colorless solid. The principal source in the human diet is olive oil. Research As an antioxidant, tyrosol may protect cells against injury due to oxidation ''in vitro''. Although it is not as potent as other antioxidants present in olive oil (e.g., hydroxytyrosol), its higher concentration and good bioavailability indicate that it may have an important overall effect. Tyrosol may also be cardioprotective. Trosol-treated animals showed significant increase in the phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS and FOXO3a. In addition, tyrosol also induced the expression of the protein SIRT1 in the heart after myocardial infarction in a rat MI model. Tyrosol forms esters with a variety of organic acids. See also * tyrosinol, * hydroxytyrosol Hydroxytyrosol is an organic compound with the formula . Classified ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydroxytyrosol
Hydroxytyrosol is an organic compound with the formula . Classified as a phenylethanoid, i.e. a relative of phenethyl alcohol, Its derivatives are found in a variety of natural sources, notably olive oils and wines. The compound is colorless solid. although commercial samples are often beige. It is a derivative, formally speaking, of catechol. It or its derivatives occurs in olives and in wines Occurrence Olives left, Oleuropein, a bitter component found in green olive skin, is an ester of hydroxytyrosol.">olive.html" ;"title="Oleuropein, a bitter component found in green olive">Oleuropein, a bitter component found in green olive skin, is an ester of hydroxytyrosol. The olives, leaves, and olive pulp contain large amounts of hydroxytyrosol derivative Oleuropein, more so than olive oil). Unprocessed, green (unripe) olives, contain between 4.3 and 116 mg of hydroxytyrosol per 100g of olives, while unprocessed, black (ripe) olives contain up to 413.3 mg per 100g. The r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salidroside
Salidroside (rhodioloside) is a glucoside of tyrosol found in the plant ''Rhodiola rosea''. It has been studied, along with rosavin, as one of the potential compounds responsible for the putative antidepressant and anxiolytic actions of this plant. Salidroside may be more active than rosavin, even though many commercially marketed ''Rhodiola rosea'' extracts are standardized for rosavin content rather than salidroside. Bioactivities Salidroside was shown to improve glucose homeostasis and alleviate diabetic retinopathy in obese mice. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of salidroside have also been reported. Biosynthesis The salidroside biosynthetic pathway in ''Rhodiola rosea'' was described in 2018. Rhodiola contains a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA) synthase that converts tyrosine to 4-HPAA, which is further reduced to tyrosol Tyrosol is an organic compound with the formula . Classified as a phenylethanoid, i.e. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olive Oil
Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained from olives (the fruit of ''Olea europaea''; family Oleaceae), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin, produced by pressing whole olives and extracting the oil. It is commonly used in cooking: for frying foods or as a salad dressing. It can be found in some cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, soaps, and fuels for traditional oil lamps. It also has additional uses in some religions. The olive is one of three core food plants in Mediterranean cuisine; the other two are wheat and grapes. Olive trees have been grown around the Mediterranean since the 8th millennium BC. In 2019–2020, world production of olive oil was . Spain was the largest producer followed by Italy, Tunisia, Greece, Turkey and Morocco. San Marino has by far the largest per capita consumption of olive oil worldwide. The composition of olive oil varies with the cultivar, altitude, time of harvest, and extraction process. It consists mainly of oleic acid (up to 83%), with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenylethanoid
Phenylethanoids are a type of phenolic compounds characterized by a phenethyl alcohol structure. Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol are examples of such compounds. Glycosides The red deadnettle (''Lamium purpureum'') contains phenylethanoid glycosides named lamiusides A, B, C, D and E. The aerial parts of '' Stachys officinalis'' contain phenylethanoid glycosides, ( betonyosides A, B, C, D, E and F). Chemical investigation of methanol extracts from '' Pithecoctenium crucigerum'' (Bignoniaceae) showed the presence of five phenylethanoid glycosides ( verbascoside, isoverbascoside, forsythoside B, jionoside D and leucosceptoside B), these all active against DPPH DPPH is a common abbreviation for the organic chemical compound 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. It is a dark-colored crystalline powder composed of stable free radical molecules. DPPH has two major applications, both in laboratory research: one is .... Verbascoside and echinacoside are phenylethanoid and phenylpro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tyrosinol
Tyrosinol is an organic compound with the formula . A colorless or white solid, it is produced by the reduction of the amino acid tyrosine with borane dimethylsulfide. The compound, which is chiral, is an example of a 1,2-ethanolamine. Related compounds * tyrosol Tyrosol is an organic compound with the formula . Classified as a phenylethanoid, i.e. a derivative of phenethyl alcohol, It is found in a variety of natural sources. The compound is colorless solid. The principal source in the human diet is ol ..., {{chem2, HOC6H4CH2CH2OH References Primary alcohols Amines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenylethanoids
Phenylethanoids are a type of phenolic compounds characterized by a phenethyl alcohol structure. Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol are examples of such compounds. Glycosides The red deadnettle (''Lamium purpureum'') contains phenylethanoid glycosides named lamiusides A, B, C, D and E. The aerial parts of '' Stachys officinalis'' contain phenylethanoid glycosides, ( betonyosides A, B, C, D, E and F). Chemical investigation of methanol extracts from '' Pithecoctenium crucigerum'' (Bignoniaceae) showed the presence of five phenylethanoid glycosides ( verbascoside, isoverbascoside, forsythoside B, jionoside D and leucosceptoside B), these all active against DPPH DPPH is a common abbreviation for the organic chemical compound 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. It is a dark-colored crystalline powder composed of stable free radical molecules. DPPH has two major applications, both in laboratory research: one is .... Verbascoside and echinacoside are phenylethanoid and phenylpr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenethyl Alcohol
Phenethyl alcohol, or 2-phenylethanol, is the organic compound that consists of a phenethyl group (C6H5CH2CH2) attached to OH. It is a colourless liquid that is slightly soluble in water (2 ml/100 ml H2O), but miscible with most organic solvents. It occurs widely in nature, being found in a variety of essential oils. It has a pleasant floral odor. Synthesis Phenethyl alcohol is prepared commercially via two routes. Most common is the Friedel-Crafts reaction between benzene and ethylene oxide in the presence of aluminium trichloride. :C6H6 + CH2CH2O + AlCl3 → C6H5CH2CH2OAlCl2 + HCl The reaction affords the aluminium alkoxide that is subsequently hydrolyzed to the desired product. The main side product is diphenylethane, which can be avoided by use of excess benzene. Hydrogenation of styrene oxide also affords phenethyl alcohol. Laboratory methods Phenethyl alcohol can also be prepared by the reaction between phenylmagnesium bromide and ethylene oxide: :C6H5MgBr + CH2CH2O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antioxidant Effect Of Natural Phenols
A polyphenol antioxidant is a hypothesis, hypothetical type of antioxidant containing a polyphenolic substructure and studied in vitro. Numbering over 4,000 distinct species mostly from plants, polyphenols may have antioxidant activity in vitro, but are unlikely to be antioxidants in vivo. Hypothetically, they may affect cell-to-cell signaling, receptor (biochemistry), receptor sensitivity, inflammatory enzyme activity or gene regulation, although high-quality clinical research has not confirmed any of these possible effects in humans . Sources of polyphenols The main source of polyphenols is dietary, since they are found in a wide array of phytochemical-bearing foods. For example, honey; most legumes; fruits such as apples, blackberry, blackberries, blueberry, blueberries, cantaloupe, pomegranate, cherry, cherries, cranberry, cranberries, grapes, pears, plums, raspberry, raspberries, aronia berry, aronia berries, and strawberry, strawberries (berries in general have high polyphen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
In Vitro
''In vitro'' (meaning in glass, or ''in the glass'') studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in biology and its subdisciplines are traditionally done in labware such as test tubes, flasks, Petri dishes, and microtiter plates. Studies conducted using components of an organism that have been isolated from their usual biological surroundings permit a more detailed or more convenient analysis than can be done with whole organisms; however, results obtained from ''in vitro'' experiments may not fully or accurately predict the effects on a whole organism. In contrast to ''in vitro'' experiments, ''in vivo'' studies are those conducted in living organisms, including humans, and whole plants. Definition ''In vitro'' ( la, in glass; often not italicized in English usage) studies are conducted using components of an organism that have been isolated fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bioavailability
In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation. By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%. However, when a medication is administered via routes other than intravenous, its bioavailability is generally lower than that of intravenous due to intestinal endothelium absorption and first-pass metabolism. Thereby, mathematically, bioavailability equals the ratio of comparing the area under the plasma drug concentration curve versus time (AUC) for the extravascular formulation to the AUC for the intravascular formulation. AUC is used because AUC is proportional to the dose that has entered the systemic circulation. Bioavailability of a drug is an average value; to take population variability into account, deviation range is shown as ±. To ensure that the drug taker who has poor absorption is dosed appropriately, the bottom value o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endothelial NOS
Endothelial NOS (eNOS), also known as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) or constitutive NOS (cNOS), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NOS3'' gene located in the 7q35-7q36 region of chromosome 7. This enzyme is one of three isoforms that synthesize nitric oxide (NO), a small gaseous and lipophilic molecule that participates in several biological processes. The other isoforms include neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which is constitutively expressed in specific neurons of the brain and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whose expression is typically induced in inflammatory diseases. eNOS is primarily responsible for the generation of NO in the vascular endothelium, a monolayer of flat cells lining the interior surface of blood vessels, at the interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the remainder of the vessel wall. NO produced by eNOS in the vascular endothelium plays crucial roles in regulating vascular tone, cellular proliferation, leukocyte a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FOXO3a
Forkhead box O3, also known as FOXO3 or FOXO3a, is a human protein encoded by the ''FOXO3'' gene. Function FOXO3 belongs to the O subclass of the FOX proteins, forkhead family of transcription factors which are characterized by a distinct Fork head domain, fork head DNA-binding domain. There are three other FoxO family members in humans, FOXO1, FOXO4 and FOXO6. These transcription factors share the ability to be inhibited and translocated out of the nucleus on phosphorylation by proteins such as Akt/PKB signaling pathway, Akt/PKB in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K signaling pathway (aside from FOXO6, which may be constitutively nuclear). Other post-translational modifications including acetylation and methylation are seen and can result in increased or altered FOXO3a activity. The use of FOXO3a knockout mice has revealed a diverse range of functions in both health and disease, namely infertility, lymphoproliferation, adenoma, organ inflammation, metabolism etc.; yet despite ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
