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Twaron
Twaron (a brand name of Teijin Aramid) is a para-aramid. It is a heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibre developed in the early 1970s by the Dutch company Akzo Nobel's division Enka BV, later Akzo Industrial Fibers. The research name of the para-aramid fibre was originally Fiber X, but it was soon called Arenka. Although the Dutch para-aramid fiber was developed only a little later than DuPont's Kevlar, the introduction of Twaron as a commercial product came much later than Kevlar due to financial problems at the AKZO company in the 1970s. History This is a chronology of the development of Twaron: * In 1960s a research program starts for "Fiber X." * In 1972 the ENKA Research laboratory develops a para-aramid called Arenka. * In 1973 Akzo decides to use sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a solvent for spinning. * In 1974 New process route was found at Akzo Research laboratory, using N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) with a co-solvent (auxiliary solvent) with an ionic component (Calcium Chloride ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teijin Aramid
Teijin Aramid, formerly known as Teijin Twaron, is a company in The Netherlands that produces various high-strength fibers for industrial purposes, most notably their para-aramid, Twaron. Twaron finds applications in numerous markets, such as automotive (tires, hoses, belts), aerospace, civil engineering, construction, leisure goods (e.g. boats), protective clothing (bullet-, fire- and cut-resistant clothing), optical fiber cables, friction and sealing materials and more. The company has been part of the Japanese Teijin, Teijin Group since 2000, prior to this they were a division of Akzo Nobel, division Industrial Fibers. Next to Twaron, the company markets Technora, Endumax and Teijinconex as well. History Twaron is a heat-resistant and strong synthetic fiber, developed in early 1970s by the Dutch company Akzo Nobel, AKZO, division Enka BV, Enka, later Akzo Nobel Industrial Fibers. The research name of the para-aramid fiber, aramid was originally Fiber X, but soon called Arenka ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teijin Twaron
Teijin Aramid, formerly known as Teijin Twaron, is a company in The Netherlands that produces various high-strength fibers for industrial purposes, most notably their para-aramid, Twaron. Twaron finds applications in numerous markets, such as automotive (tires, hoses, belts), aerospace, civil engineering, construction, leisure goods (e.g. boats), protective clothing (bullet-, fire- and cut-resistant clothing), optical fiber cables, friction and sealing materials and more. The company has been part of the Japanese Teijin Group since 2000, prior to this they were a division of Akzo Nobel, division Industrial Fibers. Next to Twaron, the company markets Technora, Endumax and Teijinconex as well. History Twaron is a heat-resistant and strong synthetic fiber, developed in early 1970s by the Dutch company AKZO, division Enka, later Akzo Nobel Industrial Fibers. The research name of the aramid was originally Fiber X, but soon called Arenka. In 1973 Akzo decided to use sulphuric acid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aramid
Aramid fibers, short for aromatic polyamide, are a class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers. They are used in aerospace and military applications, for ballistic-rated body armor fabric and ballistic composites, in marine cordage, marine hull reinforcement, and as an asbestos substitute. The chain molecules in the fibers are highly oriented along the fiber axis. As a result, a higher proportion of the chemical bond contributes more to fiber strength than in many other synthetic fibers. Aramids have a very high melting point (>500 °C). Common aramid brand names include Kevlar, Nomex, and Twaron. Terminology and chemical structure ''Aramid'' is a shortened form of aromatic polyamide. The term was introduced in 1972, accepted in 1974 by the Federal Trade Commission of the USA as the name of a generic category of fiber distinct from nylon, and adopted by the International Standards Organisation in 1977. Aromatic in the name refers to the presence of aromatic rings ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aramid
Aramid fibers, short for aromatic polyamide, are a class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers. They are used in aerospace and military applications, for ballistic-rated body armor fabric and ballistic composites, in marine cordage, marine hull reinforcement, and as an asbestos substitute. The chain molecules in the fibers are highly oriented along the fiber axis. As a result, a higher proportion of the chemical bond contributes more to fiber strength than in many other synthetic fibers. Aramids have a very high melting point (>500 °C). Common aramid brand names include Kevlar, Nomex, and Twaron. Terminology and chemical structure ''Aramid'' is a shortened form of aromatic polyamide. The term was introduced in 1972, accepted in 1974 by the Federal Trade Commission of the USA as the name of a generic category of fiber distinct from nylon, and adopted by the International Standards Organisation in 1977. Aromatic in the name refers to the presence of aromatic rings ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Body Armor
Body armor, also known as body armour, personal armor or armour, or a suit or coat of armor, is protective clothing designed to absorb or deflect physical attacks. Historically used to protect military personnel, today it is also used by various types of police (riot police in particular), private security guards or bodyguards, and occasionally ordinary civilians. Today there are two main types: regular non-plated body armor for moderate to substantial protection, and hard-plate reinforced body armor for maximum protection, such as used by combat soldiers. History Many factors have affected the development of personal armor throughout human history. Significant factors in the development of armor include the economic and technological necessities of armor production. For instance full plate armor first appeared in Medieval Europe when water-powered trip hammers made the formation of plates faster and cheaper. At times the development of armor has run parallel to the develo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kevlar
Kevlar (para-aramid) is a strong, heat-resistant synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora. Developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in 1965, the high-strength material was first used commercially in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. It is typically spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such, or as an ingredient in composite material components. Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to bulletproof vests, all due to its high tensile strength-to-weight ratio; by this measure it is five times stronger than steel. It is also used to make modern marching drumheads that withstand high impact; and for mooring lines and other underwater applications. A similar fiber called Twaron with the same chemical structure was developed by Akzo in the 1970s; commercial production started in 1986, and Twaron is now manufactured by Teijin. History Poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide (K2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akzo Nobel
Akzo Nobel N.V., stylized as AkzoNobel, is a Dutch multinational company which creates paints and performance coatings for both industry and consumers worldwide. Headquartered in Amsterdam, the company has activities in more than 80 countries, and employs over 32,000 people. Sales in 2020 were €8.5 billion. History AkzoNobel has a long history of mergers and divestments. Parts of the current company can be traced back to 17th-century companies. The milestone mergers and divestments are the formation of AKZO in 1969, the merger with Nobel Industries in 1994 forming Akzo Nobel, and the divestment of its pharmaceutical business and the merger with ICI in 2007/2008 resulting in current-day AkzoNobel. History and formation of Akzo Akzo was formed in 1969 as merger of Algemene Kunstzijde Unie (AKU) and Koninklijke Zout Organon (KZO). The AKU was formed in 1929 when the Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabrike (est. 1899) and Nederlandse Kunstzijdefabriek (ENKA, est. 1911) merged, forming A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enka BV
Akzo Nobel N.V., stylized as AkzoNobel, is a Dutch multinational company which creates paints and performance coatings for both industry and consumers worldwide. Headquartered in Amsterdam, the company has activities in more than 80 countries, and employs over 32,000 people. Sales in 2020 were €8.5 billion. History AkzoNobel has a long history of mergers and divestments. Parts of the current company can be traced back to 17th-century companies. The milestone mergers and divestments are the formation of AKZO in 1969, the merger with Nobel Industries in 1994 forming Akzo Nobel, and the divestment of its pharmaceutical business and the merger with ICI in 2007/2008 resulting in current-day AkzoNobel. History and formation of Akzo Akzo was formed in 1969 as merger of Algemene Kunstzijde Unie (AKU) and Koninklijke Zout Organon (KZO). The AKU was formed in 1929 when the Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabrike (est. 1899) and Nederlandse Kunstzijdefabriek (ENKA, est. 1911) merged, forming A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teijin
is a Japanese chemical industry, chemical, pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical and information technology company. Its main fields of operation are high-performance fibers such as aramid, carbon fibers & composites, healthcare, films, resin & plastic processing, polyester fibers, products converting and information technologies, IT products. The company is listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 stock index. As of March 2014, the Teijin Group comprises 151 companies, 56 in Japan and 95 overseas. Teijin is a member of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFJ) keiretsu. Business segments and products * Advanced Fibers & Composites Business ** Aramid fibers ** High-performance polyethylene ** High-performance polyester fibers ** Polyethylene naphthalate, PEN fibers ** Artificial leather ** Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer, Carbon fiber reinforced composites ** Flame retardant, Flame-resistant fibers * Electric Materials & Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
P-Phenylenediamine
''p''-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NH2)2. This derivative of aniline is a white solid, but samples can darken due to air oxidation. It is mainly used as a component of engineering polymers and composites like kevlar. It is also an ingredient in hair dyes and is occasionally used as a substitute for henna. Production PPD is produced via three routes. Most commonly, 4-nitrochlorobenzene is treated with ammonia and the resulting 4-nitroaniline is then hydrogenated: :ClC6H4NO2 + 2 NH3 → H2NC6H4NO2 + NH4Cl :H2NC6H4NO2 + 3 H2 → H2NC6H4NH2 + 2 H2O In the DuPont route, aniline is converted to diphenyltriazine, which is then converted by acid-catalysis to 4-aminoazobenzene. Hydrogenation of the latter affords PPD.Robert A. Smiley "Phenylene- and Toluenediamines" in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'', 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Uses Precursor to polymers PPD is a precursor to aramid plastics and fibers such as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polymer
A polymer (; Greek '' poly-'', "many" + ''-mer'', "part") is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. Due to their broad spectrum of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life. Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers. Their consequently large molecular mass, relative to small molecule compounds, produces unique physical properties including toughness, high elasticity, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form amorphous and semicrystalline structures rather than crystals. The term "polymer" derives from the Greek word πολύς (''polus'', meaning "many, much") and μέρος (''meros'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terephthaloyl Chloride
Terephthaloyl chloride (TCL, 1,4-benzenedicarbonyl chloride) is the acyl chloride of terephthalic acid. It is a white solid. It is one of two precursors used to make Kevlar(R), the other being ''p''-phenylenediamine. TCL is used as a key component in performance polymers and aramid fibers, where it imparts flame resistance, chemical resistance, temperature stability, light weight, and very high strength. TCL is also an effective water scavenger, used to stabilize isocyanates and urethane prepolymers. Preparation Terephthalic acid dichloride is produced commercially by the reaction of 1,4-bis(trichloromethyl)benzene with terephthalic acid: : C6H4(CCl3)2 + C6H4(CO2H)2 → 2 C6H4(COCl)2 + 2 HCl It can also be obtained by chlorination of dimethyl terephthalate. Use TCL is used for making various copolymers and aramid polymers such as Heracron, Twaron and Kevlar(R): References {{Reflist External links * * Aramid Aramid fibers, short for aromatic polyamide, are a class ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
