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Thioesterase
Thioesterases are enzymes which belong to the esterase family. Esterases, in turn, are one type of the several hydrolases known. Thioesterases exhibit esterase activity (splitting of an ester into acid and alcohol, in the presence of water) specifically at a thiol group. Thioesterases or thiolester hydrolases are identified as members of EC 3.1.2. Family The thioesterase activity is performed by members of the acyl-CoA thioesterase (ACOT) family. The regulatory role of ACOT in fatty acid metabolism depends on their substrate specificity, tissue expression and subcellular localization. For example, deactivation of fatty acids at the ER may traffic fatty acids away from pathways associated with the ER membrane, such as glycerolipid biosynthesis. Two structurally different ACOT types lead to a similar enzymatic activity in vitro, dividing the family into type I and type II ACOTs. Type I ACOTs (ACOT1–6) contain the α/β-hydrolase domain, which is also present in many lipases an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palmitoyl Protein Thioesterase
Palmitoyl protein hydrolase/thioesterases is an enzyme (EC 3.1.2.22) that removes thioester-linked fatty acyl groups such as palmitate from modified cysteine residues in proteins or peptides during lysosomal degradation. It catalyzes the reaction :palmitoyl rotein+ H2O \rightleftharpoons palmitate + protein This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on thioester bonds. The systematic name is palmitoyl roteinhydrolase. Other names in common use include palmitoyl-protein thioesterase, and palmitoyl-(protein) hydrolase. This enzyme participates in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) represent a group of encephalopathies that occur in 1 in 12,500 children. Mutations in the palmitoyl protein thioesterase gene causing infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. The most common mutation results in intracellular accumulation of the polypeptide and undetectable enzyme activity in the brain. Direct sequencing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ACOT9
Acyl-CoA thioesterase 9 is a protein that is encoded by the human ACOT9 gene. It is a member of the acyl-CoA thioesterase superfamily, which is a group of enzymes that hydrolyze Coenzyme A esters. There is no known function, however it has been shown to act as a long-chain thioesterase at low concentrations, and a short-chain thioesterase at high concentrations. Gene Locus The ACOT9 gene is located at p22.11 on chromosome X. Located on the minus strand of the chromosome, the start is at 23,721,777 bp and the end is at 23,761,407 bp, which is a span of 39,631 base pairs. Aliases ACOT9 gene is known primarily for encoding the Acyl-CoA thioesterase 9 protein. Other, less commonly used names for the gene are ACATE2, and MT-ACT48. Function The protein encoded by the ACOT9 gene is part of a family of Acyl-CoA thioesterases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of various Coenzyme A esters of various molecules to the free acid plus CoA. These enzymes have also been referred t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ACOT8
Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ACOT8'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a peroxisomal thioesterase that appears to be involved more in the oxidation of fatty acids rather than in their formation. The encoded protein can bind to the human immunodeficiency virus-1 protein Nef, and mediate Nef-induced down-regulation of CD4 in T-cells. Multiple transcript variants encoding several different isoform A protein isoform, or "protein variant", is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences. While many perform the same or similar biological roles, some iso ...s have been found for this gene. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * * Human proteins {{gene-20-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Esterase
An esterase is a hydrolase enzyme that splits esters into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis. A wide range of different esterases exist that differ in their substrate specificity, their protein structure, and their biological function. EC classification/list of enzymes * ''EC 3.1.1'': Carboxylic ester hydrolases ** Acetylesterase (EC 3.1.1.6), splits off acetyl groups *** Cholinesterase **** Acetylcholinesterase, inactivates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine **** Pseudocholinesterase, broad substrate specificity, found in the blood plasma and in the liver ** Pectinesterase (EC 3.1.1.11), clarifies fruit juices * ''EC 3.1.2'': Thiolester hydrolases ** Thioesterase *** Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 * ''EC 3.1.3'': Phosphoric monoester hydrolases ** Phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.x), hydrolyses phosphoric acid monoesters into a phosphate ion and an alcohol *** Alkaline phosphatase, removes phosphate groups from many types of molecu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PPT1
Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT-1), also known as palmitoyl-protein hydrolase 1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPT1 gene. Function PPT-1 a member of the palmitoyl protein thioesterase family. PPT-1 is a small glycoprotein involved in the catabolism of lipid-modified proteins during lysosomal degradation. This enzyme removes thioester-linked fatty acyl groups such as palmitate from cysteine residues. Clinical significance Defects in this gene are a cause of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 1 (CLN1). Genetic basis and phenotypic correlations of the neuronal ceroid lipofusinoses. eview Warrier V; Vieira M; Mole SE. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1832(11):1827-30, 2013 References Further reading *Acyl-protein thioesterase Acyl-protein thioesterases are enzymes that cleave off lipid modifications on proteins, located on the sulfur atom of cysteine residues linked via a thioester bond. Acyl-protein thioesterases are part of the α/β hydrolase ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ACOT12
Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 12 or StAR-related lipid transfer protein 15 (STARD15) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ACOT12'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b .... The protein contains a StAR-related lipid transfer domain. References External links * PDBe-KBprovides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Acetyl-coenzyme A thioesterase Further reading * * * * * * {{Thioesterases Human proteins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ACOT11
Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 11 also known as StAR-related lipid transfer protein 14 (STARD14) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ACOT11'' gene. This gene encodes a protein with acyl-CoA thioesterase activity towards medium (C12) and long-chain (C18) fatty acyl-CoA substrates which relies on its StAR-related lipid transfer domain. Expression of a similar murine protein in brown adipose tissue is induced by cold exposure and repressed by warmth. Expression of the mouse protein has been associated with obesity, with higher expression found in obesity-resistant mice compared with obesity-prone mice. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Structure The ACOT11 gene is located on the 1st chromosome, with its specific localization being 1p32.3. It contains 18 exons. The protein encoded by this gene contains 258 amino acids, and forms a homodimer with another chain. Its theoretical weight is 26.67 kDa. The protein contains a St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ACOT6
Acyl-CoA thioesterase 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ACOT6'' gene. The protein, also known as C14orf42, is an enzyme with thioesterase activity. Function The protein encoded by the ACOT1 gene is part of a family of Acyl-CoA thioesterases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of various Coenzyme A esters of various molecules to the free acid plus CoA. These enzymes have also been referred to in the literature as acyl-CoA hydrolases, acyl-CoA thioester hydrolases, and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolases. The reaction carried out by these enzymes is as follows: CoA ester + H2O → free acid + coenzyme A These enzymes use the same substrates as long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, but have a unique purpose in that they generate the free acid and CoA, as opposed to long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, which ligate fatty acids to CoA, to produce the CoA ester. The role of the ACOT- family of enzymes is not well understood; however, it has been suggested that they play a crucial role in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ACOT4
Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ACOT4'' gene. Function The protein encoded by the ACOT4 gene is part of a family of Acyl-CoA thioesterases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of various Coenzyme A esters of various molecules to the free acid plus CoA. These enzymes have also been referred to in the literature as acyl-CoA hydrolases, acyl-CoA thioester hydrolases, and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolases. The reaction carried out by these enzymes is as follows: CoA ester + H2O → free acid + coenzyme A These enzymes use the same substrates as long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, but have a unique purpose in that they generate the free acid and CoA, as opposed to long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, which ligate fatty acids to CoA, to produce the CoA ester. The role of the ACOT- family of enzymes is not well understood; however, it has been suggested that they play a crucial role in regulating the intracellular levels of CoA esters, Coenzyme A, and free ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ACOT2
Acyl-CoA thioesterase 2, also known as ACOT2, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the ''ACOT2'' gene. Acyl-CoA thioesterases, such as ACOT2, are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze Coenzyme A (CoA) esters, such as acyl-CoAs, bile CoAs, and CoA esters of prostaglandins, to the corresponding free acid and CoA. ACOT2 shows high acyl-CoA thioesterase activity on medium- and long-chain acyl-CoAs, with an optimal pH of 8.5. It is most active on myristoyl-CoA but also shows high activity on palmitoyl-CoA, stearoyl-CoA, and arachidoyl-CoA. Function The protein encoded by the ACOT2 gene is part of a family of Acyl-CoA thioesterases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of various Coenzyme A esters of various molecules to the free acid plus CoA. These enzymes have also been referred to in the literature as acyl-CoA hydrolases, acyl-CoA thioester hydrolases, and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolases. The reaction carried out by these enzymes is as follows: CoA ester + H2O → free acid + coenzyme A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ACOT1
Acyl-CoA thioesterase 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACOT1 gene. Structure The ACOT1 gene is located on the 14th chromosome, with its specific localization being 14q24.3. It contains 7 exons. The protein encoded by this gene contains 410 amino acids, and forms a homodimer with another chain. The protein contains a StAR-related transfer domain, which is a domain responsible for binding to lipids. There are 4 known ligands that bind to this homodimer: polyethylene glycol, chlorine, glycerol, and a form of TCEP. Function The protein encoded by the ACOT1 gene is part of a family of Acyl-CoA thioesterases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of various Coenzyme A esters of various molecules to the free acid plus CoA. These enzymes have also been referred to in the literature as acyl-CoA hydrolases, acyl-CoA thioester hydrolases, and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolases. The reaction carried out by these enzymes is as follows: CoA ester + H2O → free acid + coenzyme A These enzy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ubiquitin Thiolesterase
Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (, ''ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase'', ''UCH-L1'') is a deubiquitinating enzyme. Function UCH-L1 is a member of a gene family whose products hydrolyze small C-terminal adducts of ubiquitin to generate the ubiquitin monomer. Expression of UCH-L1 is highly specific to neurons and to cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system and their tumors. It is abundantly present in all neurons (accounts for 1-2% of total brain protein), expressed specifically in neurons and testis/ovary. The catalytic triad of UCH-L1 contains a cysteine at position 90, an aspartate at position 176, and a histidine at position 161 that are responsible for its hydrolase activity. Relevance to neurodegenerative disorders A point mutation (I93M) in the gene encoding this protein is implicated as the cause of Parkinson's disease in one German family, although this finding is controversial, as no other Parkinson's disease patients with this mutation have been found. Fu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
