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Thermometers
A thermometer is a device that temperature measurement, measures temperature (the hotness or coldness of an object) or temperature gradient (the rates of change of temperature in space). A thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the pyrometric sensor in an infrared thermometer) in which some change occurs with a change in temperature; and (2) some means of converting this change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the digital readout on an infrared model). Thermometers are widely used in technology and industry to monitor processes, in meteorology, in medicine (''medical thermometer''), and in scientific research. A standard scale While an individual thermometer is able to measure degrees of hotness, the readings on two thermometers cannot be compared unless they conform to an agreed scale. Today there is an absolute thermodynamic temperat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medical Thermometer
A medical thermometer or clinical thermometer is a device used for Temperature examination, measuring the body temperature of a human or other animal. The tip of the thermometer is inserted into the mouth under the tongue (''oral'' or ''sub-lingual temperature''), under the underarm, armpit (''axillary temperature''), into the rectum via the anus (''rectal temperature''), into the ear (''tympanic temperature''), or on the forehead (''temporal temperature''). History The medical thermometer began as an instrument more appropriately called a water thermoscope, constructed by Galileo Galilei circa 1592–1593. It lacked an accurate scale with which to measure temperature and could be affected by changes in atmospheric pressure. Italians, Italian physician Santorio Santorio is the first known individual to have put a measurable scale on the thermoscope and wrote of it in 1625, though he possibly invented one as early as 1612. His models were bulky, impractical and took a fair amoun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infrared Thermometer
An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers temperature from a portion of the thermal radiation sometimes called black-body radiation emitted by the object being measured. They are sometimes called laser thermometers as a laser is used to help aim the thermometer, or non-contact thermometers or temperature guns, to describe the device's ability to measure temperature from a distance. By knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and its emissivity, the object's temperature can often be determined within a certain range of its actual temperature. Infrared thermometers are a subset of devices known as "thermal radiation thermometers". Sometimes, especially near ambient temperatures, readings may be subject to error due to the reflection of radiation from a hotter body, or due to an incorrectly assumed emissivity. The design essentially consists of a lens to focus the infrared thermal radiation on to a detector, which converts the radiant power to an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scale Of Temperature
Scale of temperature is a methodology of calibrating the physical quantity temperature in metrology. Empirical scales measure temperature in relation to convenient and stable parameters or reference points, such as the freezing and boiling point of water. Absolute temperature is based on thermodynamic principles: using the lowest possible temperature as the zero point, and selecting a convenient incremental unit. Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit are common temperature scales. Other scales used throughout history include Rankine, Rømer, Newton, Delisle, Réaumur, Gas mark, Leiden, and Wedgwood. Technical definition The zeroth law of thermodynamics describes thermal equilibrium between thermodynamic systems in form of an equivalence relation. Accordingly, the set of all thermal systems may be divided into a quotient set of equivalence classes, denoted as M, where any element of M collects all systems that are in thermal equilibrium with one another. If the set M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Temperature Scale Of 1990
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is an equipment calibration standard specified by the CIPM, International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) for making measurements on the Kelvin and Degree Celsius, Celsius temperature scales. It is an approximation of thermodynamic temperature that facilitates the comparability and compatibility of temperature measurements internationally. It defines fourteen calibration points ranging from to ( to ) and is subdivided into multiple temperature ranges which overlap in some instances. ITS-90 is the most recent of a series of International Temperature Scales adopted by the CIPM since 1927. Adopted at the 1989 General Conference on Weights and Measures, it supersedes the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (amended edition of 1975) and the 1976 "Provisional 0.5 K to 30 K Temperature Scale". The CCT has also published several online guidebooks to aid realisations of the ITS-90. The lowest temperature covered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thermodynamic Temperature
Thermodynamic temperature, also known as absolute temperature, is a physical quantity which measures temperature starting from absolute zero, the point at which particles have minimal thermal motion. Thermodynamic temperature is typically expressed using the Kelvin scale, where the unit of measurement is the ''kelvin'' (unit symbol: K). The Kelvin scale uses the same degree interval as the Celsius scale but is offset so that 0 K corresponds to absolute zero. For comparison, a temperature of 295 K corresponds to 21.85 °C and 71.33 °F. Another absolute scale of temperature is the Rankine scale, which is based on the Fahrenheit degree interval. Historically, thermodynamic temperature was defined by Lord Kelvin in terms of a macroscopic relation between Work (thermodynamics), thermodynamic work and Heat, heat transfer as defined in thermodynamics, but the kelvin was redefined by international agreement in 2019 in terms of phenomena that are now understood as man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temperature Measurement
Temperature measurement (also known as thermometry) describes the process of measuring a current temperature for immediate or later evaluation. Datasets consisting of repeated standardized measurements can be used to assess temperature trends. History Attempts at standardized temperature measurement prior to the 17th century were crude at best. For instance in 170 AD, physician Claudius Galenus mixed equal portions of ice and boiling water to create a "neutral" temperature standard. The modern scientific field has its origins in the works by Florentine scientists in the 1600s including Galileo constructing devices able to measure relative change in temperature, but subject also to confounding with atmospheric pressure changes. These early devices were called thermoscopes. The first sealed thermometer was constructed in 1654 by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II. The development of today's thermometers and temperature scales began in the early 18th century, when Daniel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timeline Of Temperature And Pressure Measurement Technology
This is a timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology or the history of temperature measurement and pressure measurement technology. Timeline 1500s * 1592–1593 — Galileo Galilei builds a device showing variation of hotness known as the thermoscope using the contraction of air to draw water up a tube. 1600s * 1612 — Santorio Sanctorius makes the first thermometer for medical use. * 1617 — Giuseppe Biancani published the first clear diagram of a thermoscope * 1624 — The word thermometer (in its French form) first appeared in ''La Récréation Mathématique'' by Jean Leurechon, who describes one with a scale of 8 degrees. * 1629 — Joseph Solomon Delmedigo describes in a book an accurate sealed-glass thermometer that uses brandy * 1638 — Robert Fludd the first thermoscope showing a scale and thus constituting a thermometer. * 1643 — Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer * 1654 — Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barometer
A barometer is a scientific instrument that is used to measure air pressure in a certain environment. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Many measurements of air pressure are used within surface weather analysis to help find surface Trough (meteorology), troughs, pressure systems and weather front, frontal boundaries. Barometers and pressure altimeters (the most basic and common type of altimeter) are essentially the same instrument, but used for different purposes. An altimeter is intended to be used at different levels matching the corresponding atmospheric pressure to the altitude, while a barometer is kept at the same level and measures subtle pressure changes caused by weather and elements of weather. The average atmospheric pressure on the Earth's surface varies between 940 and 1040 hPa (mbar). The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013 hPa (mbar). Etymology The word ''wikt:barometer, barometer'' is derived from the Ancient Gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Santorio Santorio
Santorio Santorio (29 March 1561 – 25 February 1636) whose real name was Santorio Santori (or de' Sanctoriis) better known in English as Sanctorius of Padua was an Italian physiologist, physician, and professor, who introduced the quantitative approach into the life sciences and is considered the father of experimental physiology. He is also known as the inventor of several medical devices. His work ''De Statica Medicina'', written in 1614, saw many publications and influenced generations of physicians. Life Santorio was born on 29 March 1561, in Capodistria, in the Venetian part of Istria (today in Slovenia). Santorio's mother, Elisabetta Cordoni (or Cordonia), was a noblewoman from an Istrian family. Santorio's father, Antonio, was a nobleman from Friuli working for the Venetian Republic as chief of ordinance of the city. He was educated in his home town and continued his studies in Venice before he entered the University of Padua in 1578, where he obtained his medical degr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (or Del Medigo), also known as Yashar Mi-Qandia (; 16 June 1591 – 16 October 1655), was a rabbi, author, physician, mathematician, and music theory, music theorist. Born in Heraklion, Candia, Crete, a descendant of Elia del Medigo, Joseph Solomon or Yashar Mi-Qandia is a member of Del Medigo de'Candia lineage from the Geiger (other), Geiger family of Germany that settled first in Crete and then in Italy. Eventually, he moved to Padua, Italy, studying medicine and taking classes with Galileo Galilei in astronomy. After graduating in 1613 he moved to Venice and spent a year in the company of Leon de Modena and Simone Luzzatto. From Venice he went back to Candia and from there started traveling in the near East, reaching Alexandria and Cairo. There he went into a public contest in mathematics against a local mathematician. From Egypt he moved to Istanbul, there he observed the comet of 1619. After Istanbul he wandered along the Karaite communitie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
