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Territorial Disputes Between Kalmykia And Astrakhan Oblast
Territorial disputes between Kalmykia and Astrakhan Oblast, two federal subjects in southwestern Russia, refer to a number of land claims expressed by Kalmyk politicians and activists since the 1950s to this day. They have been the subject of federal lawsuits and led to small-scale real-life conflicts on several occasions, such as a nomadic herder from Kalmykia being arrested and his cattle confiscated by Astrakhan park rangers after he entered the land they considered theirs despite the borders shown in government-approved maps. Background Prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917, most of the Kalmyk ethnic homeland was governed as a part of the Astrakhan Governorate. When the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast was established by the Bolsheviks, Astrakhan became its first administrative seat and held that status for 7 years before it was transferred to the current capital, Elista. In 1943, virtually all ethnic Kalmyks living in the USSR at the time were deported to Siberia after J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalmykia
he official languages of the Republic of Kalmykia are the Kalmyk and Russian languages./ref> , official_lang_list= Kalmyk , official_lang_ref=Steppe Code (Constitution) of the Republic of Kalmykia, Article 17: he official languages of the Republic of Kalmykia are the Kalmyk and Russian languages./ref> , pop_2010census=289481 , pop_2010census_rank=78th , urban_pop_2010census=44.1% , rural_pop , pop_density , pop_density_as_of , pop_density_ref , pop_latest=282021 , pop_latest_date=January 2014 , pop_latest_ref=Republic of Kalmykia Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics ServiceЧисленность постоянного населения Республики Калмыкия по городам и районам на 01.01.2014 года , area_km2_74731 , area_km2_rank=41st , area_km2_ref , established_date=July 29, 1958 , established_date_ref=Decree of July 29, 1958 , license_plates=08 , ISO=RU-KL , gov_as_of=March 2011 , leader_title= Head , leader_ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collaboration With Nazi Germany And Fascist Italy
In World War II, many governments, organizations and individuals collaborated with the Axis powers, "out of conviction, desperation, or under coercion." Nationalists sometimes welcomed German or Italian troops, believing they brought liberation from colonization. The Danish, and Belgian and Vichy French governments attempted to appease or bargain with the invaders, in hopes of mitigating harm to their citizens and economies. Some countries cooperated with Italy and Germany because they wanted to regain territory lost during and after the First World War or which their nationalist citizens simply coveted. Others, such as France, already had strong fascist movements and/or anti-semitic sentiment, which the invaders validated and empowered. Individuals such as Hendrik Seyffardt in the Netherlands and Theodoros Pangalos in Greece saw collaboration as a path to power in their country. Others believed that Germany would prevail, and either wanted to be on the winning side, or fea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Kalmykia
he official languages of the Republic of Kalmykia are the Kalmyk and Russian languages./ref> , official_lang_list= Kalmyk , official_lang_ref=Steppe Code (Constitution) of the Republic of Kalmykia, Article 17: he official languages of the Republic of Kalmykia are the Kalmyk and Russian languages./ref> , pop_2010census=289481 , pop_2010census_rank=78th , urban_pop_2010census=44.1% , rural_pop , pop_density , pop_density_as_of , pop_density_ref , pop_latest=282021 , pop_latest_date=January 2014 , pop_latest_ref=Republic of Kalmykia Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics ServiceЧисленность постоянного населения Республики Калмыкия по городам и районам на 01.01.2014 года , area_km2_74731 , area_km2_rank=41st , area_km2_ref , established_date=July 29, 1958 , established_date_ref=Decree of July 29, 1958 , license_plates=08 , ISO=RU-KL , gov_as_of=March 2011 , leader_title= Head , leader_ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Court Of Arbitration Of Russia
The Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation (also translated as the High rArbitration Court of the Russian Federation; Russian: ) was the court of final instance in commercial disputes in Russia. Additionally, it supervised the work of lower courts of arbitration and gave interpretation of laws and elucidations concerning their implementations, which are compulsory for lower courts. It was replaced by a 30-Judge Economic Collegium that is part of an expanded Russian Supreme Court effective August 8, 2014. History Commercial arbitrations in Russia existed long before the October revolution, though their powers were very limited. They were abolished immediately after the revolution. In 1922 the Supreme Arbitration Commission, attached to the Council of Labour and Defense, and oblast' arbitration commissions were created. Their function was to solve disputes between state-owned institutions (including profit-making companies). In 1931 all those commissions were abolis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collective Farms
Collective farming and communal farming are various types of, "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise". There are two broad types of communal farms: agricultural cooperatives, in which member-owners jointly engage in farming activities as a collective, and state farms, which are owned and directly run by a centralized government. The process by which farmland is aggregated is called collectivization. In some countries (including the Soviet Union, the Eastern Bloc countries, China and Vietnam), there have been both state-run and cooperative-run variants. For example, the Soviet Union had both kolkhozy (cooperative-run farms) and sovkhozy (state-run farms). Pre-20th century history A small group of farming or herding families living together on a jointly managed piece of land is one of the most common living arrangements in all of human history, having co-existed and competed with more individualistic forms of ownership (as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chernozemelsky District
Chernozemelsky District (russian: Черноземе́льский райо́н, ; xal-RU, Хар Һазра район, translit=Har Ğazra rayon, ) is an administrativeDecree #137 and municipalLaw #308-IV-Z district ( raion), one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a settlement) of Komsomolsky. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 13,258, with the population of Komsomolsky accounting for 34.1% of that number. It is the least densely populated district in the Southern Federal District. History The district was established in 1951. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Chernozemelsky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. The district is divided into eight rural administrations which comprise thirty-five rural localities ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dissolution Of The Soviet Union
The dissolution of the Soviet Union, also negatively connoted as rus, Разва́л Сове́тского Сою́за, r=Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''. was the process of internal disintegration within the Soviet Union (USSR) which resulted in the end of the country's and its federal government's existence as a sovereign state, thereby resulting in its constituent republics gaining full sovereignty on 26 December 1991. It brought an end to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's (later also President) effort to reform the Soviet political and economic system in an attempt to stop a period of political stalemate and economic backslide. The Soviet Union had experienced internal stagnation and ethnic separatism. Although highly centralized until its final years, the country was made up of fifteen top-level republics that served as homelands for different ethnicities. By late 1991, amid a catastrophic political crisis, with several republics alre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress
The Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress (), also known as the ''Chuulhn'' in Kalmyk Oirat Mongolian, is an unregistered organization claiming to represent the Kalmyk people or broadly people of Kalmykia. History While the organization has its roots in Kalmyk nationalist organizations from the Soviet era, the first congress of the Oirat-Kalmyk people took place on 12 December 2015, in Elista, the capital city of Kalmykia, with around 200 popular delegates participating in total. A total of 3 congresses have been convened since 2015, the latest in May 2021. Russo-Ukrainian war During the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian war the organization came out against the war publicly. The chairman of the congress, A.B. Sandzhyiev, stated that over the past 400 years Kalmyks participated in all military conflicts on the side of Russia, but that they cannot support a war with Ukraine. The People's Congress further stated that the war is harming the Kalmyk genetic pool for an "insane massacre in Ukraine", ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Committee Of The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, – TsK KPSS was the executive leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, acting between sessions of Congress. According to party statutes, the committee directed all party and governmental activities. Its members were elected by the Party Congress. During Vladimir Lenin's leadership of the Communist Party, the Central Committee functioned as the highest party authority between Congresses. However, in the following decades the ''de facto'' most powerful decision-making body would oscillate back and forth between the Central Committee and the Political Bureau or Politburo (and during Joseph Stalin, the Secretariat). Some committee delegates objected to the re-establishment of the Politburo in 1919, and in response, the Politburo became organizationally responsible to the Central Committee. Subsequently, the Central Committee members could participate in Politburo sessions with a consultative voic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a United States government funded organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Caucasus, and the Middle East where it says that "the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed". RFE/RL is a private, non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation supervised by the U.S. Agency for Global Media, an independent government agency overseeing all U.S. federal government international broadcasting services. Daisy Sindelar is the vice president and editor-in-chief of RFE. RFE/RL broadcasts in 27 languages to 23 countries. The organization has been headquartered in Prague, Czech Republic, since 1995, and has 21 local bureaus with over 500 core staff and 1,300 stringers and freelancers in countries throughout their broadcast region. In addition, it has 700 employees at its headquarters and corporate office in Washington, D.C. Radio Free E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narimanovsky District
Narimanovsky District (russian: Нарима́новский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #67/2006-OZ and municipalLaw #43/2004-OZ district (raion), one of the eleven in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Narimanov. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 45,457, with the population of Narimanov accounting for 25.3% of that number. Population Ethnic Russians are the biggest ethnic group in the district and make up around 41% of its population. Ethnic minorities include Kazakhs (25%), Tatars (20%) and the Roma (2%). Ethnic composition (2010): * Russians – 41.6% * Kazakhs – 24.9% * Tatars – 20.4% * Roma – 2.1% * Dargins – 2% * Turks – 1.6% * Kalmyks – 1.6% * Chechens The Chechens (; ce, Нохчий, , Old Chechen: Нахчой, ''Naxçoy''), historically also known as ''Kisti'' and ''Durdzuks'', are a Northeast Caucas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Limansky District
Limansky District (russian: Лима́нский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #67/2006-OZ and municipalLaw #43/2004-OZ district (raion), one of the eleven in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located. In countries with French as administrative language (such as Belgium, Lu ... is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Liman. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 31,952, with the population of Liman accounting for 28.2% of that number. References Notes Sources * * {{Use mdy dates, date=September 2012 Districts of Astrakhan Oblast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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