|
Self-assembly Of Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles are classified as having at least one of three dimensions be in the range of 1-100 nm. The small size of nanoparticles allows them to have unique characteristics which may not be possible on the macro-scale. Self-assembly is the spontaneous organization of smaller subunits to form larger, well-organized patterns. For nanoparticles, this spontaneous assembly is a consequence of interactions between the particles aimed at achieving a thermodynamic equilibrium and reducing the system’s free energy. The thermodynamics definition of self-assembly was introduced by Nicholas A. Kotov. He describes self-assembly as a process where components of the system acquire non-random spatial distribution with respect to each other and the boundaries of the system. This definition allows one to account for mass and energy fluxes taking place in the self-assembly processes. This process occurs at all size scales, in the form of either static or dynamic self-assembly. Static self ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iron Oxide Nanocube
Iron () is a chemical element with Symbol (chemistry), symbol Fe (from la, Wikt:ferrum, ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 element, group 8 of the periodic table. It is, Abundance of the chemical elements#Earth, by mass, the most common element on Earth, right in front of oxygen (32.1% and 30.1%, respectively), forming much of Earth's outer core, outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common abundance of elements in Earth's crust, element in the Earth's crust. In its metallic state, iron is rare in the Earth's crust, limited mainly to deposition by meteorites. Iron ores, by contrast, are among the most abundant in the Earth's crust, although extracting usable metal from them requires kilns or Metallurgical furnace, furnaces capable of reaching or higher, about higher than that required to smelting, smelt copper. Humans started to master that process in Eurasia during the 2nd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BCE ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lifshitz Theory
Lifshitz (or Lifschitz) is a surname, which may be derived from the Polish city of Głubczyce (German: Leobschütz). The surname has many variants, including: , , Lifshits, Lifshuts, Lefschetz; Lipschitz (Lipshitz), Lipshits, Lipchitz, Lipschutz (Lipschütz), Lipshutz, Lüpschütz; Libschitz; Livshits; Lifszyc, Lipszyc. The surname may refer to: *Asaf Lifshitz (* 1942), Israeli sculptor * Chava Lifshitz (1936–2005), Austrian-Israeli chemist *Dovid Lifshitz (1906-1993), Suvalker Rav, taught at Yeshiva University *Rabbi Eliezer Meir Lifshitz (1879–1946), for whom the Lifshitz College of Education was named *Evgeny Lifshitz (1915–1985), Soviet physicist *Ilya Lifshitz (1917–1982), Soviet physicist (brother of Evgeny) * J.D. Lifshitz (born 1992), American film director *Miguel Lifschitz (1955–2021), Argentine politician, former mayor of the city of Rosario, Santa Fe *Mikhail Lifshitz (1905–1983), Soviet literary critic and aesthetics philosopher * Necha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nanoparticles
A nanoparticle or ultrafine particle is usually defined as a particle of matter that is between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in diameter. The term is sometimes used for larger particles, up to 500 nm, or fibers and tubes that are less than 100 nm in only two directions. At the lowest range, metal particles smaller than 1 nm are usually called atom clusters instead. Nanoparticles are usually distinguished from microparticles (1-1000 µm), "fine particles" (sized between 100 and 2500 nm), and "coarse particles" (ranging from 2500 to 10,000 nm), because their smaller size drives very different physical or chemical properties, like colloidal properties and ultrafast optical effects or electric properties. Being more subject to the brownian motion, they usually do not sediment, like colloidal particles that conversely are usually understood to range from 1 to 1000 nm. Being much smaller than the wavelengths of visible light (400-700 nm), na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrogels
A gel is a semi-solid that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough. Gels are defined as a substantially dilute cross-linked system, which exhibits no flow when in the steady-state, although the liquid phase may still diffuse through this system. A gel has been defined phenomenologically as a soft, solid or solid-like material consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity. By weight, gels are mostly liquid, yet they behave like solids because of a three-dimensional cross-linked network within the liquid. It is the crosslinking within the fluid that gives a gel its structure (hardness) and contributes to the adhesive stick (tack). In this way, gels are a dispersion of molecules of a liquid within a solid medium. The word ''gel'' was coined by 19th-century Scottish chemist Thomas Graham by clipping from ''gelatine''. The process of forming a gel is called gelation. IUPAC definition } Com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Icosahedral Twins
An icosahedral twin is a nanostructure appearing for atomic clusters and also nanoparticles with some thousands of atoms. These clusters are twenty-faced, made of twenty interlinked tetrahedra crystals, typically joined along triangular (e.g. cubic-(111)) faces having three-fold symmetry. One can think of their formation as a kind of atom-scale self-assembly. A related, more common structure has five units similarly arranged with twinning, which were known as "fivelings" in the 19th centuryH. Hofmeister (2004) "Fivefold twinned nanoparticles" in ''Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology'' (ed. H. S. Nalwa, Amer. Sci. Publ., Stevenson Ranch CA) vol. 3, pp. 431-452pdf, more recently as "decahedral multiply twinned particles", "pentagonal particles" or "star particles". A variety of different methods (e.g. condensing argon, metal atoms, and virus capsids) lead to icosahedral form at size scales where surface energies are more important those from the bulk. Causes W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magnetic Drug Delivery
Magnetic nanoparticle-based drug delivery is a means in which magnetic particles such as iron oxide nanoparticles are a component of a delivery vehicle for magnetic drug delivery, due to the simplicity with which the particles can be drawn to (external) magnetopuissant targets. Magnetic nanoparticles can impart imaging and controlled release capabilities to drug delivery materials such as micelles, liposomes, and polymers. Synopsis Molecular magnets (single-molecule magnets) are a platform that incorporates insoluble (toxic) drugs into biocompatible carrier materials, without adding magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles which might adversely affect patients susceptible to iron overdose. The drawbacks in conventional magnetic drug delivery methods can be overcome by switching from typical iron oxide nanoparticles to ones based on molecular magnets, such as Fe(salen)-based "anticancer nanomagnet" with proven cancer-fighting ability. However, insoluble drugs including Fe(salen) als ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Model Of Multidimensional Array Of Nano-particles
A model is an informative representation of an object, person or system. The term originally denoted the plans of a building in late 16th-century English, and derived via French and Italian ultimately from Latin ''modulus'', a measure. Models can be divided into physical models (e.g. a model plane) and abstract models (e.g. mathematical expressions describing behavioural patterns). Abstract or conceptual models are central to philosophy of science, as almost every scientific theory effectively embeds some kind of model of the physical or human sphere. In commerce, "model" can refer to a specific design of a product as displayed in a catalogue or show room (e.g. Ford Model T), and by extension to the sold product itself. Types of models include: Physical model A physical model (most commonly referred to simply as a model but in this context distinguished from a conceptual model) is a smaller or larger physical copy of an object. The object being modelled may be small ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oil And Water
Oil and Water may refer to: * A mixture of oil and water; see multiphasic liquid, oil spill, and storm oil * "Oil and Water" (song), 2007 song by Incubus * "Oil & Water", 2018 song by Boy George and Culture Club from the album ''Life Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as Cell signaling, signaling and self-sustaining processes, from that which does not, and is defined by the capacity for Cell growth, growth, reaction to Stimu ...'' * ''Oil & Water EP'', 2003 EP by Evermore * ''Oil & Water'', a 2016 album by Lee DeWyze * ''Oil and Water'' (1913 film), American silent film * "Oil & Water" (''NCIS''), 2013 TV episode {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spin Coating
Spin coating is a procedure used to deposit uniform thin films onto flat substrates. Usually a small amount of coating material is applied on the center of the substrate, which is either spinning at low speed or not spinning at all. The substrate is then rotated at speed up to 10,000 rpm to spread the coating material by centrifugal force. A machine used for spin coating is called a spin coater, or simply spinner. Rotation is continued while the fluid spins off the edges of the substrate, until the desired thickness of the film is achieved. The applied solvent is usually volatile, and simultaneously evaporates. The higher the angular speed of spinning, the thinner the film. The thickness of the film also depends on the viscosity and concentration of the solution, and the solvent. Pioneering theoretical analysis of spin coating was undertaken by Emslie et al., and has been extended by many subsequent authors (including Wilson et al., who studied the rate of spreading in spin coa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dip-coating
image:Dip coating.svg, A schematic of the continuous dip coating process. Roll of coarse cloth Cloth Bath Liquid material Rollers Oven Scrapers Excess liquid falls back A coating remains on the fabric cloth. Dip coating is an industrial coating process which is used, for example, to manufacture bulk products such as coated fabrics and condoms and specialised coatings for example in the biomedical field. Dip coating is also commonly used in academic research, where many chemical and nano material engineering research projects use the dip coating technique to create thin-film coatings. The earliest dip-coated products may have been candles. For flexible laminar substrates such as fabrics, dip coating may be performed as a continuous roll-to-roll process. For coating a 3D object, it may simply be inserted and removed from the bath of coating. For condom-making, a former is dipped into the coating. For some products, such as early methods of making candles, the process is re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Langmuir–Blodgett Film
A Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film is a nanostructured system formed when Langmuir films—or Langmuir monolayers (LM)—are transferred from the liquid-gas interface to solid supports during the vertical passage of the support through the monolayers. LB films can contain one or more monolayers of an organic material, deposited from the surface of a liquid onto a solid by immersing (or emersing) the solid substrate into (or from) the liquid. A monolayer is adsorbed homogeneously with each immersion or emersion step, thus films with very accurate thickness can be formed. This thickness is accurate because the thickness of each monolayer is known and can therefore be added to find the total thickness of a Langmuir–Blodgett film. The monolayers are assembled vertically and are usually composed either of amphiphilic molecules (see chemical polarity) with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail (example: fatty acids) or nowadays commonly of nanoparticles. Langmuir–Blodgett films ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
