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Secondary Victimization
Secondary victimisation (or post crime victimisation or double victimisation) refers to further victim-blaming from criminal justice authorities following a report of an original victimisation. Rates of victimisation are high, but reporting rates are disproportionately low, especially for sexual assault and rape cases. Victims are vulnerable to secondary victimisation when institutions or criminal justice system personnel fail to support them, often denying or blaming the victim. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent for females, children, racial and sexual minorities, and those assaulted by acquaintances or strangers. Low reporting rates are attributed to social rejections and insensitivities to acknowledging trauma or violence. Reporting sexual crimes implicates a further level of vulnerability, and hostile reactions reinforce the decision not to report. Interactions with the criminal justice system are often discouraging, with victim-blaming behaviors and discounting victims ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Vulnerability
In its broadest sense, social vulnerability is one dimension of vulnerability to multiple stressors and shocks, including abuse, social exclusion and natural hazards. Social vulnerability refers to the inability of people, organizations, and societies to withstand adverse impacts from multiple stressors to which they are exposed. These impacts are due in part to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions, and systems of cultural values. Because it is most apparent when calamity occurs, many studies of social vulnerability are found in risk management literature. Definitions "Vulnerability" derives from the Latin word ''vulnerare'' (to wound) and describes the potential to be harmed physically and/or psychologically. Vulnerability is often understood as the counterpart of resilience, and is increasingly studied in linked social-ecological systems. The Yogyakarta Principles, one of the international human rights instruments use the term "vulnerability" as such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |