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Scholar-gentry
The "gentry Gentry (from Old French ''genterie'', from ''gentil'', "high-born, noble") are "well-born, genteel and well-bred people" of high social class, especially in the past. Word similar to gentle [simple and decent] families ''Gentry'', in its widest ...", or "landed gentry" in China was the elite who held privileged status through passing the Imperial exams, which made them eligible to hold office. These literati, or scholar-officials, (''shenshi'' 紳士 or ''jinshen'' 縉紳), also called 士紳 ''shishen'' "scholar gentry" or 鄉紳 ''xiangshen'' "local gentry", held a virtual monopoly on office holding, and overlapped with an unofficial elite of the wealthy. The Tang dynasty, Tang and Song Dynastys expanded the Imperial examination, civil service exam to replace the nine-rank system which favored hereditary and largely military Chinese nobility, aristocrats. As a social class they included retired mandarin (China), mandarins or their families and descendants. Owni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cabang Atas
The Cabang Atas (''Van Ophuijsen Spelling System'': Tjabang Atas) — literally 'highest branch' in Indonesian — was the traditional Chinese establishment or gentry of colonial Indonesia. They were the families and descendants of the Chinese officers, high-ranking colonial civil bureaucrats with the ranks of ''Majoor'', ''Kapitein'' and ''Luitenant der Chinezen''. They were referred to as the baba bangsawan €˜Chinese gentry’in Indonesian, and the ba-poco in Java Hokkien. As a privileged social class, they exerted a powerful influence on the political, economic and social life of pre-revolutionary Indonesia, in particular on its local Chinese community. Their institutional control of the Chinese officership declined with the colonial Ethical Policy of the early twentieth century, but their political, economic and social influence lasted until the Indonesian revolution (1945-1950). Origin of term The phrase 'Cabang Atas' was first used by the colonial Indonesian historia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
