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Satisfaction Approval Voting
Satisfaction approval voting (SAV) is an electoral system that extends the concept of approval voting to a multiple winner election. It was proposed by Steven Brams and Marc Kilgour in 2010. Paper presented at the Annual National Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois, in April 2010. Description Satisfaction approval voting aims to maximise the electorate's satisfaction, rather like proportional approval voting (PAV), however SAV calculates a voter's satisfaction differently to the way used in PAV. The satisfaction gained by a voter when a candidate they approve of is elected is equal to ''1/n'' where ''n'' is the number of candidates that they voted for. This has the effect of giving everyone a single vote that they split between the ''n'' candidates that they vote for. This makes calculating the winners much easier than for PAV, as a voter's satisfaction gained for each elected candidate under this method is independent of how many of their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral System
An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and Referendum, referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, Nonprofit organization, non-profit organisations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, suffrage, who is allowed to vote, who can stand as a candidate, voting method, how ballots are marked and cast, how the ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on campaign finance, campaign spending, and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices. Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime ministe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Approval Voting
Approval voting is an electoral system in which voters can select many candidates instead of selecting only one candidate. Description Approval voting ballots show a list of the options of candidates running. Approval voting lets each voter indicate support for one or more candidates. Final tallies show how many votes each candidate received, and the winner is the candidate with the most support. Effect on elections Approval voting advocates Steven Brams and Dudley R. Herschbach predict that approval voting should increase voter participation, prevent minor-party candidates from being spoilers, and reduce negative campaigning. FairVote published a position paper arguing that approval voting has three flaws that undercut it as a method of voting and political vehicle (the group instead advocates for Instant-runoff voting). They argue that it can result in the defeat of a candidate who would win an absolute majority in a plurality election, can allow a candidate to win who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steven Brams
Steven J. Brams (born November 28, 1940 in Concord, New Hampshire) is an American game theory, game theorist and political scientist at the New York University Department of Politics. Brams is best known for using the techniques of game theory, public choice theory, and social choice theory to analyze voting systems and fair division. He is one of the independent discoverers of approval voting, as well as extensions of approval voting to multiple-winner elections to give proportional representation of different interests. Brams was a co-discoverer, with Alan D. Taylor, Alan Taylor, of the first envy-free cake-cutting solution for ''n'' people. Previous to the Brams-Taylor procedure, the cake-cutting problem had been one of the most important open problems in contemporary mathematics. He is co-inventor with Taylor of the fair-division procedure, adjusted winner, which was patented by New York University in 1999 (# 5,983,205). Adjusted winner has been licensed to a Boston law firm, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proportional Approval Voting
Proportional approval voting (PAV) is a proportional electoral system for selecting committees. It is an extension of the D'Hondt method of apportionment that additionally allows for personal votes (voters vote for candidates, not for a party list). The voters vote via approval ballots where each voter marks those candidates that the voter finds acceptable. History The system was first proposed by Thorvald N. Thiele. It was used in combination with ranked voting in the early 20th century in Sweden, for example between 1909 and 1921 for distributing seats within parties, and in local elections. After 1921 it was replaced by Phragmén's rules. PAV was rediscovered by Forest Simmons in 2001 who gave it the name "proportional approval voting". Definition PAV selects a committee of a fixed desired size with the highest score, where scores are calculated according to the following formula. Given a committee W, for each voter we check how many candidates in the committee the voter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Party-approval Voting
Multiwinner approval voting, also called approval-based committee voting, is a multi-winner electoral system that uses approval ballots. Each voter may select ("approve") any number of candidates, and multiple candidates are elected. The number of elected candidates is usually fixed in advance. For example, it can be the number of seats in a country's parliament, or the required number of members in a committee. Multiwinner approval voting is an adaptation of approval voting to multiwinner elections. In a single-winner approval voting system, it is easy to determine the winner: it is the candidate approved by the largest number of voters. In multiwinner approval voting, there are many different ways to decide which candidates will be elected. Majoritarian approval voting Versions Block approval voting (unlimited voting) The straightforward extension of approval balloting to multi-winner elections is called block approval voting and is a type of multiple non-transferable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
D'Hondt Method
The D'Hondt method, also called the Jefferson method or the greatest divisors method, is a method for allocating seats in parliaments among federal states, or in party-list proportional representation systems. It belongs to the class of highest-averages methods. The method was first described in 1792 by future U.S. president Thomas Jefferson. It was re-invented independently in 1878 by Belgian mathematician Victor D'Hondt, which is the reason for its two different names. Motivation Proportional representation systems aim to allocate seats to parties approximately in proportion to the number of votes received. For example, if a party wins one-third of the votes then it should gain about one-third of the seats. In general, exact proportionality is not possible because these divisions produce fractional numbers of seats. As a result, several methods, of which the D'Hondt method is one, have been devised which ensure that the parties' seat allocations, which are of whole numbers, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quota Rule
In mathematics and political science, the quota rule describes a desired property of a proportional apportionment or election method. It states that the number of seats that should be allocated to a given party should be between the upper or lower roundings (called upper and lower quotas) of its fractional proportional share (called natural quota).Michael J. Caulfield"Apportioning Representatives in the United States Congress - The Quota Rule" MAA Publications. Retrieved October 22, 2018 As an example, if a party deserves 10.56 seats out of 15, the quota rule states that when the seats are allotted, the party may get 10 or 11 seats, but not lower or higher. Many common election methods, such as all highest averages methods, violate the quota rule. Mathematics If P is the population of the party, T is the total population, and S is the number of available seats, then the natural quota for that party (the number of seats the party would ideally get) is : \frac P T \cdot S The lower ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardinal Electoral Systems
Cardinal voting refers to any electoral system which allows the voter to give each candidate an independent evaluation, typically a rating or grade. These are also referred to as "rated" (ratings ballot), "evaluative", "graded", or "absolute" voting systems. ''Cardinal'' methods (based on cardinal utility) and '' ordinal methods'' (based on ''ordinal utility'') are two main categories of modern voting systems, along with plurality voting. Variants There are several voting systems that allow independent ratings of each candidate. For example: * Approval voting (AV) is the simplest possible method, which allows only the two grades (0, 1): "approved" or "unapproved". * Evaluative voting (EV) or combined approval voting (CAV) uses 3 grades (−1, 0, +1): "against", "abstain", or "for". * Score voting or range voting, in which ratings are numerical and the candidate with the highest ''average'' (or total) rating wins. ** Score voting uses a discrete integer scale, typicall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
