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Safe-conduct
Safe conduct, safe passage, or letters of transit, is the situation in time of international conflict or war where one state, a party to such conflict, issues to a person (usually an enemy state's subject) a pass or document to allow the enemy alien to traverse its territory without harassment, bodily harm, or fear of death. Safe conduct is only granted in exceptional circumstances. It may be given to an enemy to allow retreat under surrender terms, or for a meeting to negotiate; to a stateless person; or to somebody who for some reason would normally not be able to pass. A vanquished enemy can also be given, or offered quarter, i.e. be spared, be promised or guaranteed mercy. The term 'safe conduct' is also used to mean the document authorizing this security. In Islamic law, safe conduct or pledge of safety ('' amān'') can be granted to foreigners or dhimmi residents (''musta'min'') while they travel or reside in Islamic-ruled lands. In the early Middle Ages, during some pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musta'min
Mustaʾmīn or Musta'man ( ar, مستأمن) is a historical Islamic term for a non-Muslim foreigner temporarily residing in Muslim lands with and ''aman'' or guarantee of short-term safe-conduct ('' aman mu'aqqat'') affording the protected status of dhimmis (non-Muslim subjects permanently living in a Muslim-ruled land) without the payment of jizya.Khadduri p. 163 Merchants, messengers, students and other groups could be given an ''aman'', while foreign envoys and emissaries were automatically protected. Types of safe-conducts The short-term safe-conduct can be personal or general: * Personal aman (''khass'') can be granted by any sane and mature Muslim to one or a group of non-Muslim foreigners (''harbis'').Yakoob, Mir p. 109 * General aman (amm'') can be granted only by the caliph or his deputy to an unspecified number of harbis. The term is valid up to one year for the musta'min, along with his minor children and all the women related to him. Many Hanbalite jurists allowed t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
