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Super-exploitation
Super-exploitation is one of the key Marxist concepts, developed by Marxist dependency theorists, of the impact of imperialism on nations and regions of 'the periphery', also widely categorised as the 'Global South' in contrast to the Imperialist 'core' or metropolitan countries in which Capital historically accumulates. Unequal exchange between countries and regions is another concept to which is attributed the actualising of the continuing wealth transfer from periphery to core, and is frequently linked in the associated theoretical discussions. Super-exploitation is the systemic condition where labour power is employed at rates, and under conditions, below the general levels of remuneration, or value, such that ordinary expectations of quality of life, life expectancy are systemically limited or threatened. These have in the past been contentious topics among Marxists - partly because in Karl Marx's ''Das Kapital'', for analytic purposes, he explicitly assumed for the developmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dependency Theory
Dependency theory is the idea that resources flow from a " periphery" of poor and exploited states to a " core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. A central contention of dependency theory is that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the " world system". This theory was officially developed in the late 1960s following World War II, as scholars searched for the root issue in the lack of development in Latin America. The theory arose as a reaction to modernization theory, an earlier theory of development which held that all societies progress through similar stages of development, that today's underdeveloped areas are thus in a similar situation to that of today's developed areas at some time in the past, and that, therefore, the task of helping the underdeveloped areas out of poverty is to accelerate them along this supposed common path of development, by various means such as investment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theories Of Imperialism
Theories of imperialism are a range of theoretical approaches to understanding the expansion of capitalism into new areas, the unequal Economic development, development of different countries, and economic systems that may lead to the dominance of some countries over others. These theories are considered distinct from other uses of the word imperialism which refer to the general tendency for empires throughout history to seek power and Expansionism, territorial expansion. While some theories of imperialism were developed by non-Marxists, other theories are associated with Marxist economics. Many theories of imperialism, with the notable exception of ultra-imperialism, hold that imperialist exploitation leads to warfare, colonization, and international inequality. Theories Hobson J. A. Hobson was an English Liberal Party (UK), liberal economist best remembered for his ''Imperialism (Hobson), Imperialism: A Study'', published 1902, which associated imperialism with the growth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marxist
Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflict, and social transformation. Marxism originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism has developed over time into various branches and schools of thought, and as a result, there is no single, definitive " Marxist theory". Marxism has had a profound effect in shaping the modern world, with various left-wing and far-left political movements taking inspiration from it in varying local contexts. In addition to the various schools of thought, which emphasize or modify elements of classical Marxism, several Marxian concepts have been incorporated into an array of social theories. This has led to widely varying conclusions. Alongside Marx's critique of political economy, the defining ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jaime Osorio
Jaime is a common Spanish and Portuguese male given name for Jacob (name), James (name), Jamie, or Jacques. In Occitania Jacobus became ''Jacome'' and later ''Jacme''. In east Spain, ''Jacme'' became ''Jaime'', in Aragon it became ''Chaime'', and in Catalonia it became '' Jaume''. In western Spain Jacobus became ''Iago''; in Portugal it became ''Tiago''. The name '' Saint James'' developed in Spanish to ''Santiago'', in Portuguese to ''São Tiago''. The names '' Diego'' (Spanish) and '' Diogo'' (Portuguese) are also Iberian versions of ''Jaime''. In the United States, Jaime is used as an independent masculine given name, along with given name James. For females, it remains less popular, not appearing on the top 1,000 U.S. female names for the past 5 years. People * Jaime, Duke of Braganza, Portuguese nobleman of the 15th/16th centuries, the 4th Duke of Braganza * Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia (1908–1975), Spanish prince, the second son of Alfonso XIII of Spain and his w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marxist Theory
Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx's materialist approach to theory, or works written by Marxists. Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism, which drew from various sources, and the official philosophy in the Soviet Union, which enforced a rigid reading of what Marx called dialectical materialism, in particular during the 1930s. Marxist philosophy is not a strictly defined sub-field of philosophy, because the diverse influence of Marxist theory has extended into fields as varied as aesthetics, ethics, ontology, epistemology, social philosophy, political philosophy, the philosophy of science, and the philosophy of history. The key characteristics of Marxism in philosophy are its materialism and its commitment to political practice as the end goal of all thought. The theory is also about the struggles of the proletariat and their reprimand of the bourgeoisie. Marxist theorist Louis Althuss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Das Kapital
''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'' (), also known as ''Capital'' or (), is the most significant work by Karl Marx and the cornerstone of Marxian economics, published in three volumes in 1867, 1885, and 1894. The culmination of his life's work, the text contains Marx's analysis of capitalism, to which he sought to apply his theory of historical materialism in a critique of political economy, critique of classical political economy. 's second and third volumes were completed from manuscripts after Marx's death in 1883 and published by Friedrich Engels. Marx's study of political economy began in the 1840s, influenced by the works of the classical political economists Adam Smith and David Ricardo. His earlier works, including ''Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844'' and ''The German Ideology'' (1846, with Engels), laid the groundwork for his theory of historical materialism, which posits that the Base and superstructure, economic structures of a society (in par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl Marx
Karl Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, political theorist, economist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. He is best-known for the 1848 pamphlet '' The Communist Manifesto'' (written with Friedrich Engels), and his three-volume (1867–1894), a critique of classical political economy which employs his theory of historical materialism in an analysis of capitalism, in the culmination of his life's work. Marx's ideas and their subsequent development, collectively known as Marxism, have had enormous influence. Born in Trier in the Kingdom of Prussia, Marx studied at the universities of Bonn and Berlin, and received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Jena in 1841. A Young Hegelian, he was influenced by the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and both critiqued and developed Hegel's ideas in works such as '' The German Ideology'' (written 1846) and the '' Grundrisse'' (written 1857–1858). While in Paris, Marx wrote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labour Power
Labour power (; ) is the capacity to work, a key concept used by Karl Marx in his critique of capitalist political economy. Marx distinguished between the capacity to do the work, i.e. labour power, and the physical act of working, i.e. labour. Human labour power exists in any kind of society, but on what terms it is traded or combined with means of production to produce goods and services has historically varied greatly. The general idea of labour-power had existed previously in classical political economy. Adam Smith's ''The Wealth of Nations'' and David Ricardo's '' On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation'' already referred to the "productive powers of labour". However, Marx made the concept much more precise, critically examining the functions of labour-power in production, how labour-power is used, organized and exploited, and how it is typically valued and priced in bourgeois society. Under capitalism, according to Marx, the ''productive powers of labour'' a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruy Mauro Marini
Ruy Mauro de Araújo Marini (May 2, 1932 – July 5, 1997) was a Brazilian economist and sociologist. Marini is internationally known as one of the creators of dependency theory, Super-exploitation, and Unequal Exchange. He is the author of the work "Dialéctica de la Dependencia" (Dialectic of Dependency), in which, using elements of the theory of economic development of Karl Marx adapted to the study of Latin American reality, he explains the necessity of overcoming the developmentalism of ECLAC. He was an activist of the Revolutionary Left Movement of Chile, becoming a member of the Central Community in 1972 and director of his theoretical journal Marxismo y Revolución. Personal life Born in Barbacena, Minas Gerais, he arrived in the city of Rio de Janeiro to study preparatory courses for medicine; however, he preferred personal independence, so he chose to dedicate himself to public service. In 1953, he began studying law at the Faculty of National Jurisprudence, but he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanda Latimer
Amanda is a Latin feminine gerundive (i.e. verbal adjective) name meaning, literally, "she who must (or is fit to) be loved". Other translations, with similar meaning, could be "deserving to be loved," "worthy of love," or "loved very much by everyone." Its diminutive form includes Mandy, Manda and Amy. It is common in countries where Germanic and Romance languages are spoken. "Amanda" comes from ''ama-'' (the stem of the Latin verb ''amare'', "to love") plus the feminine nominative singular gerundive ending (''-nda''). Other names, especially female names, were derived from this verb form, such as "Miranda". The name "Amanda" occasionally appears in Late Antiquity, such as the Amanda who was the "wife of the ex-advocate and ex-provincial governor Aper (q.v.); she cared for his estates and raised their children after he adopted the monastic life: 'curat illa saeculi curas, ne tu cures (Paul. Nol. Epist. 44.4). Accessed 19 April 2021. In England the name "Amanda" first appea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arghiri Emmanuel
Arghiri Emmanuel (; June 7, 1911 – December 14, 2001) was a Greek, naturalized French, Marxian economist who became known in the 1960s and 1970s for his theory of 'unequal exchange'. Biography Emmanuel was born in Patras, Greece, the son of Charalambos Emmanuel and Katina (born Menounou). He studied at the Supreme School of Economic Commercial Sciences (today the Athens University of Economics and Business) from 1927 to 1932 and then at the School of Law of Athens University until 1934, from where he went on to work in commerce in Athens until 1937. While his later works clearly identify him as a Marxist or communist of sorts, it is still uncertain when and under which circumstances he began considering himself as such. Publishing articles at least from 1928, an interest in Marxist philosophy is evidenced in a 1937 article on 'psychoanalysis as a global theory and dialectical materialism', and yet another on gold as an 'unwelcome immigrant' perhaps links to a long-stan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
