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Spherinder
In four-dimensional geometry, the spherinder, or spherical cylinder or spherical prism, is a geometric object, defined as the Cartesian product of a 3-ball (or solid 2-sphere) of radius ''r''1 and a line segment of length 2''r''2: :D = \ Like the duocylinder, it is also analogous to a cylinder in 3-space, which is the Cartesian product of a disk with a line segment. It can be seen in 3-dimensional space by stereographic projection as two concentric spheres, in a similar way that a tesseract (cubic prism) can be projected as two concentric cubes, and how a circular cylinder can be projected into 2-dimensional space as two concentric circles. Relation to other shapes In 3-space, a cylinder can be considered intermediate between a cube and a sphere. In 4-space there are three intermediate forms between the tesseract and the hypersphere. Altogether, they are the: * tesseract (1-ball × 1-ball × 1-ball × 1-ball), whose hypersurface is eight cubes connected at 24 squares * cub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duocylinder
The duocylinder, also called the double cylinder or the bidisc, is a geometric object embedded in 4-dimensional Euclidean space, defined as the Cartesian product of two disks of respective radii ''r''1 and ''r''2: :D = \left\ It is analogous to a cylinder in 3-space, which is the Cartesian product of a disk with a line segment. But unlike the cylinder, both hypersurfaces (of a regular duocylinder) are congruent. Its dual is a duospindle, constructed from two circles, one at the XY plane and the other in the ZW plane. Geometry Bounding 3-manifolds The duocylinder is bounded by two mutually perpendicular 3-manifolds with torus-like surfaces, respectively described by the formulae: :x^2 + y^2 = r_1^2, z^2 + w^2 \leq r_2^2 and :z^2 + w^2 = r_2^2, x^2 + y^2 \leq r_1^2 The duocylinder is so called because these two bounding 3-manifolds may be thought of as 3-dimensional cylinders 'bent around' in 4-dimensional space such that they form closed loops in the XY and ZW planes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Four-dimensional Space
A four-dimensional space (4D) is a mathematical extension of the concept of three-dimensional or 3D space. Three-dimensional space is the simplest possible abstraction of the observation that one only needs three numbers, called ''dimensions'', to describe the sizes or locations of objects in the everyday world. For example, the volume of a rectangular box is found by measuring and multiplying its length, width, and height (often labeled ''x'', ''y'', and ''z''). The idea of adding a fourth dimension began with Jean le Rond d'Alembert's "Dimensions" being published in 1754, was followed by Joseph-Louis Lagrange in the mid-1700s, and culminated in a precise formalization of the concept in 1854 by Bernhard Riemann. In 1880, Charles Howard Hinton popularized these insights in an essay titled "What is the Fourth Dimension?", which explained the concept of a " four-dimensional cube" with a step-by-step generalization of the properties of lines, squares, and cubes. The simplest form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Couronne Solide
Couronne (pl.: ''Couronnes'') is a French word meaning crown. It may refer to: Places in France *La Couronne, Charente, a municipality in the Charente department, Poitou-Charentes * La Couronne, Bouches-du-Rhône, a village of Martigues, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur * Grand-Couronne, a municipality in the Seine-Maritime department, Upper Normandy * Grande Couronne, the inner geographical region of the urban agglomeration of Paris * Canton of Grand-Couronne, a canton in the Seine-Maritime department, Upper Normandy *Petit-Couronne, a municipality in the Seine-Maritime department, Upper Normandy *Petite Couronne Vincent Aycocho, or better known as Petite is a Filipino actor, comedian, singer and TV show host. He is known for as a Filipino comedian in ''Comedy Bar'', Punch line and Clowns, together with their other celebrities; Boobay, Iyah, Donita Nose ..., the outer geographical region of the urban agglomeration of Paris * Couronnes (Paris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Octahedral Prism
In geometry, an octahedral prism is a convex uniform 4-polytope. This 4-polytope has 10 polyhedral cells: 2 octahedra connected by 8 triangular prisms. Alternative names *Octahedral dyadic prism ( Norman W. Johnson) *Ope (Jonathan Bowers, for octahedral prism) *Triangular antiprismatic prism *Triangular antiprismatic hyperprism Coordinates It is a Hanner polytope with vertex coordinates, permuting first 3 coordinates: :( ±1,0,0 ±1) Structure The octahedral prism consists of two octahedra connected to each other via 8 triangular prisms. The triangular prisms are joined to each other via their square faces. Projections The octahedron-first orthographic projection of the octahedral prism into 3D space has an octahedral envelope. The two octahedral cells project onto the entire volume of this envelope, while the 8 triangular prismic cells project onto its 8 triangular faces. The triangular-prism-first orthographic projection of the octahedral prism into 3D space has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cuboctahedral Prism
In geometry, a cuboctahedral prism is a convex uniform 4-polytope. This 4-polytope has 16 polyhedral cells: 2 cuboctahedra connected by 8 triangular prisms and 6 cubes. It is one of 18 uniform polyhedral prisms created by using uniform prisms to connect pairs of parallel Platonic solids and Archimedean solid In geometry, an Archimedean solid is one of the 13 solids first enumerated by Archimedes. They are the convex uniform polyhedra composed of regular polygons meeting in identical vertices, excluding the five Platonic solids (which are composed ...s. Alternative names *Cuboctahedral dyadic prism *Rhombioctahedral prism *Rhombioctahedral hyperprism External links * * 4-polytopes {{polychora-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cubic Prism
In geometry, a tesseract is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube; the tesseract is to the cube as the cube is to the square. Just as the surface of the cube consists of six square faces, the hypersurface of the tesseract consists of eight cubical cells. The tesseract is one of the six convex regular 4-polytopes. The tesseract is also called an 8-cell, C8, (regular) octachoron, octahedroid, cubic prism, and tetracube. It is the four-dimensional hypercube, or 4-cube as a member of the dimensional family of hypercubes or measure polytopes. Coxeter labels it the \gamma_4 polytope. The term ''hypercube'' without a dimension reference is frequently treated as a synonym for this specific polytope. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' traces the word ''tesseract'' to Charles Howard Hinton's 1888 book '' A New Era of Thought''. The term derives from the Greek ( 'four') and from ( 'ray'), referring to the four edges from each vertex to other vertices. Hinton originally spe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Truncated Tetrahedral Prism
In geometry, a truncated tetrahedral prism is a convex uniform polychoron (four-dimensional polytope). This polychoron has 10 polyhedral cells: 2 truncated tetrahedra connected by 4 triangular prisms and 4 hexagonal prisms. It has 24 faces: 8 triangular, 18 square, and 8 hexagons. It has 48 edges and 24 vertices. It is one of 18 uniform polyhedral prisms created by using uniform prisms to connect pairs of parallel Platonic solids and Archimedean solids. Net Alternative names # Truncated-tetrahedral dyadic prism (Norman W. Johnson Norman Woodason Johnson () was a mathematician at Wheaton College, Norton, Massachusetts. Early life and education Norman Johnson was born on in Chicago. His father had a bookstore and published a local newspaper. Johnson earned his unde ...) # Tuttip (Jonathan Bowers: for truncated-tetrahedral prism) # Truncated tetrahedral hyperprism External links * * 4-polytopes {{4-polytopes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetrahedral Prism
In geometry, a tetrahedral prism is a convex uniform 4-polytope. This 4-polytope has 6 polyhedral cells: 2 tetrahedra connected by 4 triangular prisms. It has 14 faces: 8 triangular and 6 square. It has 16 edges and 8 vertices. It is one of 18 uniform polyhedral prisms created by using uniform prisms to connect pairs of parallel Platonic solids and Archimedean solids. Images Alternative names # Tetrahedral dyadic prism ( Norman W. Johnson) # Tepe (Jonathan Bowers: for tetrahedral prism) # Tetrahedral hyperprism # Digonal antiprismatic prism # Digonal antiprismatic hyperprism Structure The tetrahedral prism is bounded by two tetrahedra and four triangular prisms. The triangular prisms are joined to each other via their square faces, and are joined to the two tetrahedra via their triangular faces. Projections The tetrahedron-first orthographic projection of the tetrahedral prism into 3D space has a tetrahedral projection envelope. Both tetrahedral cells project onto thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archimedean Solid
In geometry, an Archimedean solid is one of the 13 solids first enumerated by Archimedes. They are the convex uniform polyhedra composed of regular polygons meeting in identical vertices, excluding the five Platonic solids (which are composed of only one type of polygon), excluding the prisms and antiprisms, and excluding the pseudorhombicuboctahedron. They are a subset of the Johnson solids, whose regular polygonal faces do not need to meet in identical vertices. "Identical vertices" means that each two vertices are symmetric to each other: A global isometry of the entire solid takes one vertex to the other while laying the solid directly on its initial position. observed that a 14th polyhedron, the elongated square gyrobicupola (or pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron), meets a weaker definition of an Archimedean solid, in which "identical vertices" means merely that the faces surrounding each vertex are of the same types (i.e. each vertex looks the same from close up), so only a lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platonic Solid
In geometry, a Platonic solid is a convex, regular polyhedron in three-dimensional Euclidean space. Being a regular polyhedron means that the faces are congruent (identical in shape and size) regular polygons (all angles congruent and all edges congruent), and the same number of faces meet at each vertex. There are only five such polyhedra: Geometers have studied the Platonic solids for thousands of years. They are named for the ancient Greek philosopher Plato who hypothesized in one of his dialogues, the ''Timaeus'', that the classical elements were made of these regular solids. History The Platonic solids have been known since antiquity. It has been suggested that certain carved stone balls created by the late Neolithic people of Scotland represent these shapes; however, these balls have rounded knobs rather than being polyhedral, the numbers of knobs frequently differed from the numbers of vertices of the Platonic solids, there is no ball whose knobs match the 20 vertic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyhedron
In geometry, a polyhedron (plural polyhedra or polyhedrons; ) is a three-dimensional shape with flat polygonal faces, straight edges and sharp corners or vertices. A convex polyhedron is the convex hull of finitely many points, not all on the same plane. Cubes and pyramids are examples of convex polyhedra. A polyhedron is a 3-dimensional example of a polytope, a more general concept in any number of dimensions. Definition Convex polyhedra are well-defined, with several equivalent standard definitions. However, the formal mathematical definition of polyhedra that are not required to be convex has been problematic. Many definitions of "polyhedron" have been given within particular contexts,. some more rigorous than others, and there is not universal agreement over which of these to choose. Some of these definitions exclude shapes that have often been counted as polyhedra (such as the self-crossing polyhedra) or include shapes that are often not considered as valid polyhedr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartesian Product
In mathematics, specifically set theory, the Cartesian product of two sets ''A'' and ''B'', denoted ''A''×''B'', is the set of all ordered pairs where ''a'' is in ''A'' and ''b'' is in ''B''. In terms of set-builder notation, that is : A\times B = \. A table can be created by taking the Cartesian product of a set of rows and a set of columns. If the Cartesian product is taken, the cells of the table contain ordered pairs of the form . One can similarly define the Cartesian product of ''n'' sets, also known as an ''n''-fold Cartesian product, which can be represented by an ''n''-dimensional array, where each element is an ''n''-tuple. An ordered pair is a 2-tuple or couple. More generally still, one can define the Cartesian product of an indexed family of sets. The Cartesian product is named after René Descartes, whose formulation of analytic geometry gave rise to the concept, which is further generalized in terms of direct product. Examples A deck of cards An ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
