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Salut D'amor
A ''salut d'amor'' (, ; "love letter", lit. "greeting of love") or (''e'')''pistola'' ("epistle") was an Occitan lyric poem of the troubadours, written as a letter from one lover to another in the tradition of courtly love. Some songs preserved in the Italian ''Quattrocento'' and '' Cinquecento'' chansonniers are labelled in the rubrics as ''saluts'' (or some equivalent), but the ''salut'' is not treated as a genre by medieval Occitan grammarians. The trouvères copied the Occitan song style into Old French as the ''salut d'amour''. There are a total of nineteen surviving Occitan ''saluts'' and twelve French ones, with a Catalan examples (of the ''salutació amorosa'') also. The poetic form probably derives from the classical Latin love letter and through a blending of the ''ars dictaminis'' and the early Occitan ''canso''. Occitan scholar Pierre Bec argued that the ''salut'' was tripartite, possessing an introduction, body, and conclusion. Christiane Leube believes that the Latin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occitan Language
Occitan (; oc, occitan, link=no ), also known as ''lenga d'òc'' (; french: langue d'oc) by its native speakers, and sometimes also referred to as ''Provençal'', is a Romance languages, Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania, Occitània. It is also spoken in Calabria (Southern Italy) in a linguistic enclave of Cosenza area (mostly Guardia Piemontese). Some include Catalan language, Catalan in Occitan, as the Linguistic distance, distance between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as the Gascon language) is similar to the distance between different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century and still today remains its closest relative. Occitan is an official language of Catalonia, where a subdialect of Gascon known as Aranese dialect, Aranese is spoken in the Val d'Aran. Since Sept ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Refrain
A refrain (from Vulgar Latin ''refringere'', "to repeat", and later from Old French ''refraindre'') is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in poetry — the "chorus" of a song. Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the villanelle, the virelay, and the sestina. In popular music, the refrain or chorus may contrast with the verse melodically, rhythmically, and harmonically; it may assume a higher level of dynamics and activity, often with added instrumentation. Chorus form, or strophic form, is a sectional and/or additive way of structuring a piece of music based on the repetition of one formal section or block played repeatedly. Usage in history In music, a refrain has two parts: the lyrics of the song, and the melody. Sometimes refrains vary their words slightly when repeated; recognizability is given to the refrain by the fact that it is always sung to the same tune, and the rhymes, if present, are preserved despite the variations of the words. Such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Speculum (journal)
''Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies'' is a quarterly academic journal published by University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Medieval Academy of America. Established in 1926 by Edward Kennard Rand, it is widely regarded as the most prestigious journal in medieval studies. The journal's primary focus is on the time period from 500 to 1500 in Western Europe, but also on related subjects such as Byzantine, Hebrew, Arabic, Armenian and Slavic studies. , the editor is Katherine L. Jansen. The organization and its journal were first proposed in 1921 at a meeting of the Modern Language Association, and the journal's focus was interdisciplinary from its beginning, with one reviewer noting a specific interest in Medieval Latin Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages. In this region it served as the primary written language, though local languages were also written to varying degrees. Latin functioned .... R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philippe De Rémi (poet)
Philippe de Rémi may refer to: *Philippe de Rémi (died 1265) (1210–1265), poet and bailli, also Sire de Beaumanoir *Philippe de Rémi (died 1296) (1247–1296), his son, jurist and royal official {{hndis, Remi, Philippe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clara D'Anduza
Clara d'Anduza was a trobairitz from the first third of the 13th century, probably born to the ruling family of Anduze. Her only surviving work is a ''canso'' beginning ''En greu esmay et en greu pessamen''. She was mentioned in a long ''razo'' to a ''canso'' of Uc de Saint Circ and was probably the addressee of a '' salut'' of Azalais d'Altier. She was probably acquainted with Pons de Capduelh Pons de Capduelh ( fl. 1160–1220Chambers 1978, 140. or 1190–1237Aubrey 1996, 19–20.) was a troubadour from the Auvergne, probably from Chapteuil. His songs were known for their great gaiety. He was a popular poet and 27 of his songs are pres .... Sources *Bruckner, Matilda Tomaryn; Shepard, Laurie; and White, Sarah. ''Songs of the Women Troubadours''. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. . {{DEFAULTSORT:Clara Danduza Trobairitz Medieval women poets 13th-century French troubadours French women poets 13th-century French women writers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Couplet
A couplet is a pair of successive lines of metre in poetry. A couplet usually consists of two successive lines that rhyme and have the same metre. A couplet may be formal (closed) or run-on (open). In a formal (or closed) couplet, each of the two lines is end-stopped, implying that there is a grammatical pause at the end of a line of verse. In a run-on (or open) couplet, the meaning of the first line continues to the second. Background The word "couplet" comes from the French word meaning "two pieces of iron riveted or hinged together". The term "couplet" was first used to describe successive lines of verse in Sir P. Sidney's '' Arcadia '' in 1590: "In singing some short coplets, whereto the one halfe beginning, the other halfe should answere." While couplets traditionally rhyme, not all do. Poems may use white space to mark out couplets if they do not rhyme. Couplets in iambic pentameter are called ''heroic couplets''. John Dryden in the 17th century and Alexander Pope in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azalais D'Altier
Azalais or Azalaïs d'Altier was an early-13th-century trobairitz. She was from Altier in the Gévaudan. She has sometimes been confused with Almucs de Castelnau. Azalais wrote "Tanz salutz e tantas amors", the only ''salut d'amor'' by a woman. It comprises 101 verses of rhyming couplets. Its purpose was to reconcile two lovers, and it was addressed to a woman, possibly Clara d'Anduza. Its similarity in tone to Clara's ''canso'' "En greu esmay et en greu pessamen" gives the impression that it may have been written in response. Azalais was well known in troubadour circles, for Uc de Saint-Circ addressed his "Anc mais non vi temps ni sazo" to her in its '' tornada''. Nonetheless, the great troubadour ignored her when composing the '' vidas''. Azalais herself was a woman of learning, and she must have been familiar with the Matter of Rome through the ''Roman de Troie'' of Benoît de Sainte-Maure Benoît de Sainte-Maure (; died 1173) was a 12th-century French poet, most probably f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Falquet De Romans
Falquet (or Folquet) de RomansFalquet always appears in Latin documents as ''Falquetus de Rotmanis'' and his Occitan name is sometimes spelled ''Falqet'', ''Falqetz'', or ''Falkez'' and ''Rotmans'' or ''Roman''. His Italian name is ''Falchetto di Romans''. ( fl. 1215–1233) was the most famous troubadour attached to the court of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, where he garnered a high reputation despite the fact that his career began as a jongleur. His surviving work consists of fourteen or fifteen pieces: seven ''sirventes'' (two religious and two ''canso sirventes'' as well as one Crusade song), three ''tensos'' (each two ''coblas'' long), two or three ''cansos'' on courtly love, a ''salut d'amor'' (or ''epistola'') of 254 lines, and a religious ''alba''. His poetry is, in general, clear and elegant, and he was apparently very religious. Falquet was originally from Romans d'Isèra, a birthplace shared by the trobairitz Bieiris de Romans. According to his '' vida'' he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanieu De Sescars
Amanieu de Sescars or Amanieu des Escàs ( fl. 1278–1295) was a Catalan, possibly Gascon, troubadour of the late 13th century. Famous for his love songs in his own day, his contemporaries gave him the nickname ''dieu d'amor'' (god of love). He wrote two ''ensenhamens'' (didactic poems) and two '' saluts d'amor'' (love letters) that survive. The uncertainty about his origins stems from the fact that his poems refer extensively to Catalan people and places, but a singer of the same name is found signing a Gascon document of 1253. Whether the signatory of 1253 and the troubadour are one and the same is left open to doubt, but it is possible that Amanieu was a Catalan who was either born in or lived in Gascony, which was not uncommon at the time. His earliest datable work is also his shortest, the ''salut'' "A vos, que ieu am deszamatz", which was written 24 August 1278. His first ''ensenhamen'' was the "Ensenhamen del scudier" about a squire (''scudier'') who observes his noble ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arnaut De Mareuil
Arnaut de Mareuil (''fl.'' late 12th century) was a troubadour, composing lyric poetry in the Occitan language. Twenty-five, perhaps twenty-nine, of his songs, all ''Canso (song), cansos'', survive, six with music. According to Hermann Oelsner's contribution to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, 1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Arnaut de Mareuil surpassed his more famous contemporary Arnaut Daniel in "elegant simplicity of form and delicacy of sentiment". This runs against the consensus of both past and modern scholars: Dante, Petrarch, Ezra Pound, Pound and Eliot, who were familiar with both authors and consistently proclaim Daniel's supremacy His name indicates that he came from Mareuil-sur-Belle in Périgord. He is said to have been a "clerk" from a poor family who eventually became a jongleur; he settled at the courts of Toulouse and then Béziers. He apparently loved the countess Azalais of Toulouse, Azalais, daughter of Raymond V of Toulouse, married to Roger II ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raimbaut D'Aurenga
Raimbaut of Orange (c. 1147 – 1173) or, in his native Old Provençal, Raimbaut d'Aurenga, was the lord of Orange and Aumelas. His properties included the towns of Frontignan and Mireval. He was the only son of William of Aumelas and of Tiburge, Countess of Orange, daughter of Raimbaut, count of Orange. After the early death of Raimbaut's father, his guardians were his uncle William VII of Montpellier and his elder sister Tibors. He was a major troubadour, having contributed to the creation of ''trobar ric'', or articulate style, in troubadour poetry. Abouforty of his workssurvive, displaying a gusto for rare rhymes and intricate poetic form. His death in 1173 is mourned in a ''planh'' (lament) by Giraut de Bornelh, and also in the only surviving poem of the trobairitz Azalais de Porcairagues, who was the lover of Raimbaut's cousin Gui Guerrejat. It seems possible that Azalais's poem was composed in an earlier form while Raimbaut was still alive, because in his poem ''A mon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raimon De Miraval
Raimon de Miraval(h) (c. 1135/1160 – c. 1220) was a troubadour ( fl. 1180–1220) and, according to his ''vida'', "a poor knight from Carcassonne who owned less than a quarter of the castle of Miraval."Graham-Leigh, 28. Favoured by Raymond VI of Toulouse, he was also later associated with Peter II of Aragon and Alfonso VIII of Castile. His senhal for Raymond VI was Audiart. Raimon has been identified with a person of the same name who undersigned a charter of 1151, which led some to place his birth date as early as c. 1135, while others reject the identification with the Raimon de Miraval of the charter and estimate his birth date at 1160 based on the height of his career c. 1200. That Raimon owned only a quarter of his family's ancestral castle is an indication either of partible inheritance or clan structure. Miraval was captured by Simon de Montfort during the Albigensian Crusade. After the Battle of Muret in 1213 Raimon probably fled to Spain, after swearing never to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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