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Radiation Accident
A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility. Examples include lethal effects to individuals, large radioactivity release to the environment, reactor core melt." The prime example of a "major nuclear accident" is one in which a reactor core is damaged and significant amounts of radioactive isotopes are released, such as in the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. The impact of nuclear accidents has been a topic of debate since the first nuclear reactors were constructed in 1954 and has been a key factor in public concern about nuclear facilities.M.V. Ramana. Nuclear Power: Economic, Safety, Health, and Environmental Issues of Near-Term Technologies, ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources'', 2009, 34, p. 136. Technical measures to reduce the risk of accidents or to minimize the amount of radioacti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fukushima I By Digital Globe
may refer to: Japan * Fukushima Prefecture, Japanese prefecture **Fukushima, Fukushima, capital city of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan ***Fukushima University, national university in Japan ***Fukushima Station (Fukushima) in Fukushima, Fukushima **Fukushima Airport, airport serving northern and central Fukushima Prefecture, Japan **Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant, another nuclear power plant in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Now being decommissioned **Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, a disabled nuclear power plant in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan *** Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, 2011 nuclear disaster at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, Japan *** Fukushima disaster cleanup, clean-up activities following the nuclear accidents, Fukushima, Japan ** 2016 Fukushima earthquake ** 2021 Fukushima earthquake Hokkaido *Fukushima, Hokkaido Osaka *Fukushima-ku, Osaka, ward * Fukushima Station Nagano Prefecture *Kiso-Fukushima Station *Fukushima-juku, former post town ** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sustainability Science
Sustainability science first emerged in the 1980s and has become a new academic discipline Similar to agricultural science or health science, it is an applied science defined by the practical problems it addresses. Sustainability science focuses on issues relating to sustainability and sustainable development as core parts of its subject matter. It is "defined by the problems it addresses rather than by the disciplines it employs" and "serves the need for advancing both knowledge and action by creating a dynamic bridge between the two". The field is focused on examining the interactions between human, environmental, and engineered systems to understand and contribute to solutions for complex challenges that threaten the future of humanity and the integrity of the life support systems of the planet, such as climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution and land and water degradation. Sustainability science draws upon the related but not identical concepts of sustainable develop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radiation Accident In Morocco
In March 1984, a serious radiation accident occurred in Morocco, at the Mohammedia nuclear power plant, where eight people died from pulmonary hemorrhaging caused by overexposure to radiation from a lost iridium-192 source. Other individuals also received significant overdoses of radiation that required medical attention. Three people were sent to the Curie Institute in Paris for treatment of radiation poisoning. The source was used to radiograph welds and became separated from its shielded container. As the source, an iridium pellet, itself had no markings indicating it was radioactive, a worker took it home, where it stayed for some weeks, exposing the family to radiation. The laborer, his family, and some relatives were the eight deaths caused by the accident. See also * Nuclear and radiation accidents * Goiânia accident * Radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica * Radiotherapy accident in Zaragoza References External links * Description of the incident in Johnston's Archive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radiotherapy Accident In Zaragoza
The 1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident was a radiological accident that occurred from 10 to 20 December 1990, at the Clinic of Zaragoza, in Aragon, Spain. In the accident, at least 27 patients were injured, and 11 of them died due to the overexposure, according to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). All of the injured were cancer patients receiving external beam radiotherapy. Chronology On 7 December 1990, a technician performed maintenance on an electron accelerator at the Clinic of Zaragoza. On 10 December, it returned to service after the repairs. Affected patients immediately suffered burns on the skin of the irradiated area, as well as inflammation of the internal organs and bone marrow. The first overexposed patient died on 16 February 1991, two months after irradiation. Fatalities increased until, on 25 December 1991, the last of a total of 25 patients died. The IAEA established that 11 of the deaths were due to the faulty maintenance. On 19 December, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radiotherapy Accident In Costa Rica
The radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica occurred with the Alcyon II radiotherapy unit at San Juan de Dios Hospital in San José, Costa Rica. It was related to a cobalt-60 source that was being used for radiotherapy in 1996. An accidental overexposure of radiotherapy patients treated during August and September 1996 was detected. During the calibration process done after the change of 60Co source on 22 August 1996, a mistake was made in calculating the dose rate, leading to severe overexposure of patients. The error of calibration was detected on 27 December 1997. In the course of the accident, 114 patients received an overdose of radiation and 13 died of radiation-related injuries. In 2001, the radiophysicist whose mistake caused the radiation overdoses was charged with 16 culpable homicides and sentenced to six years in prison. See also * Goiânia accident * 1962 Mexico City radiation accident * List of civilian radiation accidents * Radiotherapy accident in Zaragoza * X-ray * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Windscale Fire
The Windscale fire of 10 October 1957 was the worst nuclear accident in the United Kingdom's history, and one of the worst in the world, ranked in severity at level 5 out of a possible 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale. The fire was in Unit 1 of the two-pile Windscale site on the north-west coast of England in Cumberland (now Sellafield, Cumbria). The two graphite-moderated reactors, referred to at the time as "piles," had been built as part of the British post-war atomic bomb project. Windscale Pile No. 1 was operational in October 1950, followed by Pile No. 2 in June 1951. The fire burned for three days and released radioactive fallout which spread across the UK and the rest of Europe. The radioactive isotope iodine-131, which may lead to cancer of the thyroid, was of particular concern at the time. It has since come to light that small but significant amounts of the highly dangerous radioactive isotope polonium-210 were also released. It is estimated that the radia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kyshtym Disaster
The Kyshtym disaster, sometimes referred to as the Mayak disaster or Ozyorsk disaster in newer sources, was a radioactive contamination accident that occurred on 29 September 1957 at Mayak, a plutonium production site for nuclear weapons and nuclear fuel reprocessing plant located in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-40 (now Ozyorsk) in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. The disaster is the third-worst nuclear incident (by radioactivity released) after the Chernobyl disaster and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster. It measured as a Level 6 disaster on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES), making it the third-highest on the INES (which ranks by population impact), behind the Chernobyl disaster, which resulted in the evacuation of 335,000 people, and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster, which resulted in the evacuation of 154,000 people; the Chernobyl disaster and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster are both Level 7 disasters on the INES. At least 22 villages were exposed to r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Submarine K-431
''K-431'' (originally the ''K-31'') was a Soviet nuclear-powered submarine that had a reactor accident on 10 August 1985. It was commissioned on 30 September 1965. An explosion occurred during refueling of the submarine at Chazhma Bay, Vladivostok. There were ten fatalities and 49 other people suffered radiation injuries. TIME magazine has identified the accident as one of the world's "worst nuclear disasters". Reactor refuelling disaster ''K-431'', completed around 1965 as unit ''K-31'', was a Project 675 ( Echo II)-class submarine with two pressurized water reactors, each of 70 MWt capacity and using 20% enriched uranium as fuel. On 10 August 1985, the submarine was being refuelled at the Chazhma Bay naval facility near Vladivostok. The submarine had been refuelled and the reactor tank lid was being replaced. The lid was laid incorrectly and had to be lifted again with the control rods attached. A beam was supposed to prevent the lid from being lifted too far, but this be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Submarine K-222
''K-222'', Soviet designation Project 661 ''Anchar'', was a Soviet Navy nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine, the only one of its design. ''K-222'' was claimed to be the world's fastest submarine. Originally named ''K-162'', the boat was renamed ''K-222'' in 1978. It is best known in the West by its NATO reporting name, Papa class. Design The project was intentionally conceived to be highly innovative by discouraging the reuse of prior technical solutions. While forcing innovation, this also slowed development. Project 661 began in 1959, with the design task assigned to OKB-16, one of the two predecessors (along with SKB-143) of the Malakhit Central Design Bureau, which would eventually become one of the three Soviet/Russian submarine design centers, along with the Rubin Design Bureau and Lazurit Central Design Bureau. ''K-222'' was designed as an extremely fast attack submarine, and was the first submarine built with a titanium hull. The twin-propeller boat was armed with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Submarine K-429
''K-429'' (often incorrectly referred to as K-329) was a Project 670-A ''Скат'' (''Skat'', meaning "batoidea, ray"; also known by its NATO reporting name of Charlie-class submarine, Charlie I-class) nuclear submarine of the Soviet Navy. Her keel was laid down on 26 January 1971 at Krasnoye Sormovo in Nizhny Novgorod, Gorky. She was ship naming and launching, launched on 22 April 1972, and was ship commissioning, commissioned on 31 October 1972 into the Soviet Pacific Fleet. Sinking incidents In early 1983, ''K-429'' returned to base needing overhaul after a long patrol. After turning their boat over to the shipyard, crew departed on leave. Her nuclear weapons remained aboard. Ordered to sea That June, Captain First Rank Nikolay Suvorov was ordered by Rear Admiral Oleg Yerofeyev, commander of the Pacific Fleet, to reassume command of ''K-429'' and to take part in an exercise. Suvorov questioned the order: the exercises had been planned for later in the year, the boat was be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Submarine K-140
The Yankee class, Soviet designations Project 667A ''Navaga'' (navaga) and Project 667AU ''Nalim'' (burbot), was a series of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines built in the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy. In total, 34 units were built: 24 in Severodvinsk for the Northern Fleet and the remaining 10 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur for the Pacific Fleet. Two Northern Fleet units were later transferred to the Pacific.Korabli VMF SSSR, Vol. 1, Part 1, Yu. Apalkov, Sankt Peterburg, 2003, The lead boat K-137 ''Leninets'' received its honorific name on 11 April 1970, two and one half years after being commissioned. Design The Yankee-class nuclear submarines were the first class of Soviet ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) to have thermonuclear firepower comparable with that of their American and British Polaris submarine counterparts. The Yankee class were quieter in the ocean than were their predecessors, and had better streamlining that improved their underwater performance. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Submarine K-27
''K-27'' was the only nuclear submarine of the Soviet Navy's Project 645. It was constructed by placing a pair of experimental VT-1 nuclear reactors that used a liquid-metal coolant (lead-bismuth eutectic) into the modified hull of a Project 627A () vessel. A unique NATO reporting name was not assigned. Launch and operations The keel of ''K-27'' was laid down on 15 June 1958 at Severodvinsk Shipyard No. 402.K-27 Project 645 Deepstorm.ru. Retrieved on 8 November 2011. It was launched on 1 April 1962, and went into service as an experimental "attack submarine" on 30 October 1963. ''K-27'' was officially commissioned into the on 7 Septembe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
