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Raumism
Raumism ( eo, Raŭmismo) is an ideology beginning in 1980 with the ''Rauma Manifesto'', which criticized the goals of the traditional Esperanto movement and defined the Esperanto community as "a stateless diaspora linguistic minority" based on freedom of association. Rauma Manifesto The Rauma Manifesto ( eo, Manifesto de Raŭmo) was ratified in 1980 at the 36th International Youth Congress in Rauma, Finland. It emphasized that official acceptance of the language was not probable and not essential during the 1980s and that it was necessary to have alternative goals. The manifesto emphasized the fact that the Esperanto-speaking community had itself become a culture, worthy of preservation and promotion for its own sake. It states: "We want to spread Esperanto to realize its positive values more and more, bit by bit (...)" "Ni celas disvastigi Esperanton por pli kaj pli, iom post iom realigi ĝiajn pozitivajn valorojn (...)Manifesto de Raŭmo §3 "Niaj celoj" (Our goals) – a fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rauma, Finland
Rauma (; sv, Raumo) is a town and municipality of around () inhabitants on the west coast of Finland, north of Turku, and south of Pori. Its neighbouring municipalities are Eura, Eurajoki, Laitila and Pyhäranta. Granted town privileges on 17 April 1442 (then under the rule of Sweden), Rauma is known for its paper and maritime industry, high quality lace (since the 18th century) and the old wooden architecture of the city centre (Old Rauma, Vanha Rauma), which is a UNESCO World Heritage site. History In the 14th century, before it was declared a town, Rauma had a Franciscan monastery and a Catholic church. In 1550, the townsmen of Rauma were ordered to relocate to Helsinki, but this was unsuccessful and Rauma continued to grow. Practically the whole wooden part of the town of Rauma was devastated in the fires of 1640 and 1682. The city centre, which was as large as the town was until 1809, has approximately 600 wooden buildings. The neo-renaissance style of many of the house ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Esperanto Movement
The Esperanto movement, less commonly referred to as Esperantism ( eo, Esperantismo), is a movement to disseminate the use of the planned international language Esperanto.See the definition in theDeklaracio pri la Esenco de la Esperantismo ("Bulonja Deklaracio", 1905) The movement does not aim to supplant national languages but merely to supplement them. The movement is sometimes used to describe all speakers of Esperanto including their culture. Politics Esperanto has been placed in a few proposed political situations. The most popular of these is the former minor party '' Europe—Democracy—Esperanto'', which aims to establish Esperanto as the official language of the European Union. Grin's Report, published in 2005 by François Grin found that the use of the English language as the ''lingua franca'' within the European Union costs billions annually and significantly benefits English-speaking countries The following is a list of English-speaking population by country, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Esperantujo
Esperantujo () or Esperantio () is the Esperanto community; the community of speakers of the Esperanto language and their Esperanto culture, culture, as well as the places and institutions where the language is used. The term is used "as if it were a country." Although it does not occupy its own area of Earth's surface, it can be said to constitute the 120 countries which have their own national Esperanto association. Etymology and terminology The word is formed analogously to country names. In Esperanto, the names of countries were traditionally formed from the ethnic name of their inhabitants plus the suffix ''-ujo''. For example, "France" was , from (a Frenchman). The term analogous to ''Francujo'' would be ''Esperantistujo'' (Esperantist-nation). However, that would convey the idea of the physical body of people, whereas using the name of the language as the basis of the word gives it the more abstract connotation of a cultural sphere. Currently, names of nation states ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stateless Society
A stateless society is a society that is not governed by a state. In stateless societies, there is little concentration of authority; most positions of authority that do exist are very limited in power and are generally not permanently held positions; and social bodies that resolve disputes through predefined rules tend to be small. Stateless societies are highly variable in economic organization and cultural practices. While stateless societies were the norm in human prehistory, few stateless societies exist today; almost the entire global population resides within the jurisdiction of a sovereign state, though in some regions nominal state authorities may be very weak and wield little or no actual power. Over the course of history most stateless peoples have been integrated into the state-based societies around them. Some political philosophies, particularly anarchism, consider the state an unwelcome institution and stateless societies the ideal, while Marxism considers th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linguistic Minority
A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a territory. Such people are termed linguistic minorities or language minorities. With a total number of 196 sovereign states recognized internationally (as of 2019) and an estimated number of roughly 5,000 to 7,000 languages spoken worldwide, the vast majority of languages are minority languages in every country in which they are spoken. Some minority languages are simultaneously also official languages, such as Irish in Ireland or the numerous indigenous languages of Bolivia. Likewise, some national languages are often considered minority languages, insofar as they are the national language of a stateless nation. Definitions There is no scholarly consensus on what a "minority language" is, because various different standards have been applied in order to classify languages as "minority language" or not. According to Owens (2013), attempts to define minority languages generally fall into several cate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freedom Of Association
Freedom of association encompasses both an individual's right to join or leave groups voluntarily, the right of the group to take collective action to pursue the interests of its members, and the right of an association to accept or decline membership based on certain criteria. It can be described as the right of a person coming together with other individuals to collectively express, promote, pursue and/or defend common interests. Freedom of association is both an individual right and a collective right, guaranteed by all modern and democratic legal systems, including the United States Bill of Rights, article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights, section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and international law, including articles 20 and 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 22 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work by the International Labour Organizatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Youth Congress
The International Youth Congress ( eo, Internacia Junulara Kongreso, IJK) is the largest annual meeting of young Esperantists in the world. The participants come from all over the world for one week, and they usually number around 300, although there has been a congress with more than 1000 attendees before. The congress takes place in a different country every year and is organized by the World Esperanto Youth Organization ( eo, Tutmonda Esperantista Junulara Organizo, TEJO), the youth wing of the Universal Esperanto Association ( eo, Universala Esperanto-Asocio, UEA). Both the IJK and the World Esperanto Congress take place each summer, usually in consecutive weeks but rarely in the same country. List of congresses Statistics Countries Countries by number of times as host: Continents Of the 74 congresses that have happened so far, 60 were hosted in Europe, 7 in Asia, 4 in North America, 2 in South America, 1 in Africa and none in Oceania. Cities Five cities have hosted t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finvenkismo
Finvenkismo ( en, Finvenkism) is an ideological current within the Esperanto movement dating back to L. L. Zamenhof, the initiator of Esperanto. The name is derived from the concept of a ''fina venko'' (English: final victory) denoting the moment when Esperanto will be used as the predominant second language throughout the world. A finvenkist is thus someone who hopes for or works towards this "final victory" of Esperanto. According to some finvenkists, this "final victory" of Esperanto may help eradicate war, chauvinism, and cultural oppression. Recently, some Esperantists have campaigned for the expression ''fina venko'' to be replaced with ''fina sukceso'' ("final success") because the former reminds some people of war due to its similarity to the German word '' Endsieg''. Origin As Zamenhof created Esperanto with the goal of eventual use by everyone as a second language for international communication, finvenkismo has been around for as long as Esperanto itself. In the early ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Esperanto Culture
Esperanto culture refers to the shared cultural experience of the Esperantujo, or Esperanto-speaking community. Despite being a constructed language, Esperanto has a history dating back to the late 19th century, and shared socio-cultural norms have developed among its speakers. Some of these can be traced back to the initial ideas of the language's creator, L. L. Zamenhof, Ludwig Zamenhof, including the theory that a global second language would foster international communication. Others have developed over time, as the language has allowed different national and linguistic cultures to blend together. Some Esperanto speakers have also researched the language's ideologies. Esperanto culture also includes art, literature, and music, as well as international celebrations and cultural exchanges such as the Pasporta Servo. Native speakers Native Esperanto speakers are people who have acquired Esperanto as one of their native languages. As of 1996, there were 350 or so attested cases ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
