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Quinoxalinedione
Quinoxalinedione is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NH)2(CO)2. It is a colorless solid that is soluble in polar organic solvents. Quinoxalinediones are a family of related compounds sharing the same bicyclic core. Various quinoxalinediones are drugs. Synthesis and structure Quinoxalinedione is produced by condensation of dimethyloxalate and o-phenylenediamine: :C2O2(OMe)2 + C6H4(NH2)2 → C6H4(NH)2(CO)2 + 2 MeOH The compound exists in solution and the solid state predominantly as the diamide form. Some reactions of the compound indicate a role for the diol tautomer. Drugs based on quinoxalinediones Quinoxalinediones act as receptor antagonist, antagonists of the AMPA receptor, AMPA, kainate receptor, kainate, and/or NMDA receptors of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family. Examples include the following: * ACEA-1011 * Becampanel * CNQX * DNQX * Fanapanel (MPQX) * Licostinel (ACEA-1021) * NBQX * PNQX * YM90K * Zonampanel A drug closely related to the quinox ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fanapanel
Fanapanel (INN, code name ZK-200775), also known as MPQX, is a quinoxalinedione derivative drug which acts as a competitive antagonist of the AMPA receptor. It was under development by Schering AG for the treatment of cerebral ischemia associated with stroke and trauma, but clinical trials were halted for safety reasons related to possible glial cell toxicity and due to intolerable side effects such as excessive sedation, reduction in consciousness (consisting of stupor and coma), and transient neurological deterioration. The drug was also observed to produce visual alteration and impairment, including blurred vision, strongly impaired color perception, and reduced visual acuity and dark vision, side effects thought to be caused by blockade of AMPA receptors in the retina The retina (from la, rete "net") is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Licostinel
Licostinel (INN) (code name ACEA-1021) is a competitive, silent antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor (Kb = 5 nM). It was under investigation by Acea Pharmaceuticals as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of cerebral ischemia associated with stroke and head injuries but was ultimately never marketed. In clinical trials, licostinel did not produce phencyclidine-like psychotomimetic effects at the doses tested, though transient sedation, dizziness, and nausea were observed. In addition to its actions at the NMDA receptor, licostinel also acts as an antagonist of the AMPA and kainate receptors at high concentrations (Kb = 0.9 μM and 2.5 μM, respectively). See also * Aptiganel * Eliprodil * Gavestinel * Lubeluzole * Selfotel Selfotel (CGS-19755) is a drug which acts as a competitive NMDA antagonist, directly competing with glutamate for binding to the receptor. Initial studies showed it to have anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, analgesic and neuroprotective effe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selurampanel
Selurampanel (INN, code name BGG492) is a drug closely related to the quinoxalinedione series which acts as a competitive antagonist of the AMPA and kainate receptors and, as of 2015, is being investigated in clinical trials by Novartis for the treatment of epilepsy. It has also been studied in the acute treatment of migraine, and was found to produce some pain relief, but with a relatively high rate of side effect In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequence ...s. References AMPA receptor antagonists Anticonvulsants Antimigraine drugs Kainate receptor antagonists Pyrazoles Quinazolines Sulfonamides {{Anticonvulsant-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zonampanel
Zonampanel (INN, code name YM872) is a quinoxalinedione derivative drug and competitive antagonist of the AMPA receptor which was being investigated by Yamanouchi/Astellas Pharma as a neuroprotective drug for the treatment of ischemic stroke but never completed clinical trials. In clinical trials, zonampanel produced severe side effects including hallucinations, agitation, and catatonia Catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric behavioral syndrome that is characterized by abnormal movements, immobility, abnormal behaviors, and withdrawal. The onset of catatonia can be acute or subtle and symptoms can wax, wane, or change during ... in patients, resulting in early termination of the trials. References AMPA receptor antagonists Imidazoles Neuroprotective agents Nitro compounds Quinoxalines Astellas Pharma Acetic acids {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Becampanel
Becampanel (INN) (code name AMP397) is a quinoxalinedione derivative drug which acts as a competitive antagonist of the AMPA receptor ( IC50 = 11 nM). It was investigated as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of epilepsy by Novartis, and was also looked at as a potential treatment for neuropathic pain and cerebral ischemia, but never completed clinical trial Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, diet ...s. References AMPA receptor antagonists Amines Anticonvulsants Lactams Secondary amines Nitro compounds Quinoxalines Abandoned drugs {{anticonvulsant-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quinones
The quinones are a class of organic compounds that are formally "derived from aromatic compounds uch as benzene or naphthalene">benzene.html" ;"title="uch as benzene">uch as benzene or naphthalene] by conversion of an even number of –CH= groups into –C(=O)– groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds, resulting in "a fully Conjugated system, conjugated cyclic diketone, dione structure". The archetypical member of the class is 1,4-benzoquinone or cyclohexadienedione, often called simply "quinone" (thus the name of the class). Other important examples are 1,2-benzoquinone (''ortho''-quinone), 1,4-naphthoquinone and 9,10-anthraquinone. The name is derived from that of quinic acid (with the suffix "-one" indicating a ketone), since it is one of the compounds obtained upon oxidation of quinic acid. Quinic acid, like quinine is obtained from cinchona bark, called quinaquina in the indigenous languages of Peruvian tribes. Properties Quinones are oxidized derivati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caroverine
Caroverine (Spasmium, Tinnitin, Tinnex) is a muscle-relaxing drug used in Austria and Switzerland to relieve spasms in smooth muscles (which include intestines, arteries, and other organs), and the use in those countries was extended to aid with cerebrovascular diseases there, and eventually to treat tinnitus. It is also used to treat tinnitus in India. Chemically, it is a quinoxalineone and is available in both a base and hydrochloric acid forms. Pharmacologically, it has been described as a nonspecific calcium channel blocker and as an antagonist of both non- NMDA and NMDA glutamate receptor Glutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells. Glutamate (the conjugate base of glutamic acid) is abundant in the human body, but particularly in the nervous system ...s. It was discovered in Austria in the 1950s and was developed by Austrian company Phafag AG. Its INN name, caroverine, was propose ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NBQX
NBQX (2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo uinoxaline) is an antagonist of the AMPA receptor. NBQX blocks AMPA receptors in micromolar concentrations (~10–20 μM) and also blocks kainate receptors. In experiments, it is used to counter glutamate excitotoxicity In excitotoxicity, nerve cells suffer damage or death when the levels of otherwise necessary and safe neurotransmitters such as glutamate become pathologically high, resulting in excessive stimulation of receptors. For example, when glutamate .... NBQX was found to have anticonvulsant activity in rodent seizure models.Yamaguchi, S.; Donevan, S.D.; Rogawski, M.A. (1993). Anticonvulsant activity of AMPA/kainate antagonists: comparison of GYKI 52466 and NBOX in maximal electroshock and chemoconvulsant seizure models. ''Epilepsy Res.'' 15:179–184. As the disodium salt, NBQX is soluble in water at high concentrations (at least up to 100 mM). See also * CNQX * DNQX * Fanapanel (MPQX) * Quinoxalinedione References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
