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Qira'at
In Islam, ''Qirāah'', (pl. ''Qirāāt''; ar, قراءات , lit= recitations or readings) are different linguistic, lexical, phonetic, morphological and syntactical forms permitted with reciting the holy book of Islam, the Quran. Differences between ''Qiraat'' are slight and include varying rules regarding the prolongation, intonation, and pronunciation of words, but also differences in stops, vowels, consonants (leading to different pronouns and verb forms), and less frequently entire words. Qiraʼat also refers to the branch of Islamic studies that deals with these modes of recitation. There are ten different recognised schools of ''qiraat'', each one deriving its name from a noted Quran reciter or "reader" (''qāriʾ'' pl. ''qāriʾūn'' or ''qurr'aʿ''), such as Nafi‘ al-Madani, Ibn Kathir al-Makki, Abu Amr of Basra, Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi, Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud, Hamzah az-Zaiyyat, Al-Kisa'i. While these readers lived in the second and third century of Islam, the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahruf
According to Islamic tradition, the Quran was revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel (''Jibril '') in seven ''ahruf'' ( ar, أَحْرُف, translit=aḥruf, sing. ''ḥarf''), translated variously as "editions", "styles", "ways", "forms" and "modes".Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, ''Tafseer Soorah Al-Hujuraat'', 1990, Tawheed Publications, Riyadh, pp. 29–30. Although Muslim scholars differ on their exact nature, it is thought they constituted a degree of acceptable variation in the Quranic text. The standardisation of the Quranic ''rasm'' and destruction of the mushafs '' by Rashidun caliph Uthman the extent to which the Uthmanic codex contains the seven ''ahruf'' has been a subject of debate. The ''ahruf'' are distinct from the ten ''qira'at'', which are other variant readings of the Quran that were canonized later on and are still in use. Etymology The word ''aḥruf'' is the plural of paucity of the Arabic word ''ḥarf'', which has multiple mea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahruf
According to Islamic tradition, the Quran was revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel (''Jibril '') in seven ''ahruf'' ( ar, أَحْرُف, translit=aḥruf, sing. ''ḥarf''), translated variously as "editions", "styles", "ways", "forms" and "modes".Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, ''Tafseer Soorah Al-Hujuraat'', 1990, Tawheed Publications, Riyadh, pp. 29–30. Although Muslim scholars differ on their exact nature, it is thought they constituted a degree of acceptable variation in the Quranic text. The standardisation of the Quranic ''rasm'' and destruction of the mushafs '' by Rashidun caliph Uthman the extent to which the Uthmanic codex contains the seven ''ahruf'' has been a subject of debate. The ''ahruf'' are distinct from the ten ''qira'at'', which are other variant readings of the Quran that were canonized later on and are still in use. Etymology The word ''aḥruf'' is the plural of paucity of the Arabic word ''ḥarf'', which has multiple mea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tajwid
In the context of the recitation of the Quran, ''tajwīd'' ( ar, تجويد ', , ' elocution') is a set of rules for the correct pronunciation of the letters with all their qualities and applying the various traditional methods of recitation (''Qira'at''). In Arabic, the term ''tajwīd'' is derived from the verb جود (), from the triliteral root ''()'', meaning enhancement or to make something excellent. Technically, it means giving every letter its right in reciting the Qur'an. or the science of in Islam is a science by which one learns the pronunciation of Qur’anic words as pronounced by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The beginning of the science of was when the Islamic state expanded in the third century of Hijra, where error and melody increased in the Qur’an due to the entry of many non-Arabs to Islam. So the scholars of the Qur’an began to write the rules and rules of intonation. It is said that the first person to collect the science of in his book was (774 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamzah Az-Zaiyyat
Abu ‘Imarah Hamzah Ibn Habib al-Zayyat al-Taymi, better known as Hamzah az-Zaiyyat (80-156AH), Edward SellThe Faith of Islam pg. 341. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, 2013 reprint. Muhammad Ghoniem and MSM SaifullahThe Ten Readers & Their Transmitters (c) Islamic Awareness. Updated January 8, 2002; accessed April 11, 2016. was one of the seven canonical transmitters of the Qira'at,Aisha BewleyThe Seven Qira'at of the Qur'an International Islamic University Malaysia. Accessed April 18, 2016. or methods of reciting the Qur'an. His appellation "az-Zaiyyat" was given to him because he used to work transporting natural oils to Hulwan and then bringing cheese and walnuts back to Kufa.Ibn KhallikanDeaths of Eminent Men and History of the Sons of the Epoch vol. 4, pg. 478. Trns. William McGuckin de Slane. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1843. His style of recitation was traditionally one of three preferred in the historic city of Kufa, his hometown. Az-Zaiyyat himself ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seven Readers
The Seven readers ( ar, القراء السبعة) are seven Qāriʾs who mastered the Qira'at and historically transmitted the Quran recitations in an approved and confirmed manner. Presentation The ''seven readers'' are the most famous Qāriʾs (reciters) from whom the reading of the Quran has been transmitted, so that the reading of the words differed in some of the resources of the Quranic verses. Their names have appeared in books on the sciences of the Quran, and they belong to the third class of recitation ( ar, طَبَقَاتُ الْقُرَّاءِ). History There are ten recitations following different schools of qira'ates, each one deriving its name from a noted Quran reciter called ''qāriʾ''. These ''ten qira'ates'' are issued from the original seven which are confirmed (mutawatir) ( ar, قِرَاءَاتٌ مُتَوَاتِرَةٌ) by these seven Quran readers who lived in the second and third century of Islam. It is the scholar Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid, who l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aasim Ibn Abi Al-Najud
Abu Bakr ‘Aasim Ibn Abi al-Najud al-'Asadi (d. 127AH/745CE),Shady Hekmat NasserIbn Mujahid and the Canonization of the Seven Readings p. 57. Taken from ''The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qur'an: The Problem of Tawaatur and the Emergence of Shawaadhdh''. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2012. Muhammad Ghoniem and MSM SaifullahThe Ten Readers & Their Transmitters (c) Islamic Awareness. Updated January 8, 2002; accessed April 11, 2016. commonly known as ‘Aasim ibn Abi an-Najud, was one of the seven primary transmitters of the Qira'at, or variant readings of the Qur'an. Of Persian origin, his method of reciting the Qur'an as transmitted by Hafs is the most common and popular way of reciting the holy book in the Muslim world in general.Bewley, Aishah"The Seven Qira'at of the Qur'an", ''Aisha Bewley's Islamic Home Page'' Though he lived much of his life in Kufa, he was associated with Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah due to a pact. His fellow recitation transmitter Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Amir Ad-Dimashqi
‘Abdullah Ibn ‘Amir Ibn Yazid Ibn Tamim Ibn Rabi‘ah al-Yahsibi, better known as Ibn Amir (118 AH - 736 CE),Muhammad Ghoniem and MSM Saifullah (c) Islamic Awareness. Updated January 8, 2002; accessed April 11, 2016.Shady Hekmat NasserIbn Mujahid and the Canonization of the Seven Readings p. 49. Taken from ''The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qur'an: The Problem of Tawaatur and the Emergence of Shawaadhdh''. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2012. was one of the seven canonical transmitters of the Qira'at,Aisha BewleyThe Seven Qira'at of the Qur'an International Islamic University Malaysia. Accessed April 18, 2016. or methods of reciting the Qur'an. Of the seven most famous transmitters of Qur'anic recitation, Ibn Amir was the oldest while Al-Kisa'i was the youngest. Like Ibn Kathir al-Makki, Ibn Amir was one generation removed from the primary students who spread his method of recitation to the masses. The two primary students of his method of recitation were Hisham ibn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid
Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Musa ibn al-Abbas ibn Mujahid al-Atashi (, 859/860 – 936) was an Islamic scholar most notable for establishing and delineating the seven canonical Quranic readings (''qira'at'') in his work ''Kitāb al-sabʿa fī l-qirāʾāt''.Christopher MelchertIbn Mujāhid and the Establishment of Seven Qur'anic Readings Studia Islamica, No. 91. (2000), pp. 5-22. He was also notable for delivering the charge of heretical Quranic exegesis that reopened the trial of Mansur al-Hallaj, which ultimately led to his execution on the orders of the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir. Biography Ibn Mujahid was born in Baghdad in 859-860 CE/245 AH, where he studied hadith and Quran. He learned the latter from Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Dajuni and Qunbul, both transmitters of his later canonical readings. It is unknown which school of Islamic jurisprudence Ibn Mujahid ascribed to, although he expressed admiration for the Shafi‘i school. He became a renowned specialist in the Quranic readings ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Kathir Al-Makki
Abū Maʿbad (or Abū Bakr) ʿAbd Allāh ibn Kathīr al-Dārānī al-Makkī, better known as Ibn Kathir al-Makki (45-120AH), was one of the transmitters of the seven canonical Qira'at, or methods of reciting the Qur'an.Muhammad Ghoniem and MSM SaifullahThe Ten Readers & Their Transmitters (c) Islamic Awareness. Updated January 8, 2002; accessed April 11, 2016. His reading was generally popular among the people of Mecca.Peter G. RiddellIslamic scripture and textual materials p. 18. Taken from ''Islam and the Malay-Indonesian World: Transmission and Responses''. London: C. Hurst & Co., 2001. Biography Al-Makki was born in Mecca and was one of the Tabi‘un.Imām ibn Kathīr al-Makkī © 2013 Prophetic Guidance. Published June 16, 2013. Accessed April 13, 2016. His family was of |
Rasm
''Rasm'' ( ar, رَسْم) is an Arabic writing script often used in the early centuries of Classical Arabic literature (7th century – early 11th century AD). Essentially it is the same as today's Arabic script except for the big difference that the ''Arabic diacritics'' are omitted. These diacritics include i'jam (إِعْجَام, ʾIʿjām), consonant pointing, and tashkil (تَشْكِيل, tashkīl), supplementary diacritics. The latter include the ḥarakāt (حَرَكَات) short vowel marks—singular: ḥarakah (حَرَكَة). As an example, in ''rasm'', the five distinct letters are indistinguishable because all the dots are omitted. ''Rasm'' is also known as Arabic skeleton script. History In the early Arabic manuscripts that survive today (physical manuscripts dated 7th and 8th centuries AD), one finds dots but "putting dots was in no case compulsory". [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Kisa'i
Al-Kisā’ī () Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn Ḥamzah ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Uthman (), called Bahman ibn Fīrūz (), surnamed Abū ‘Abd Allāh (), and Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn Hamzah of al-Kūfah ( d. ca. 804 or 812) was preceptor to the sons of caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd and one of the ‘Seven Readers’ (seven canonical Qira'at) or ‘authorized’ Qur’ānic reader.Muhammad Ghoniem and MSM SaifullahThe Ten Readers & Their Transmitters (c) Islamic Awareness. Updated January 8, 2002; accessed April 11, 2016. He founded the Kufi school of Arabic grammar, the rival philology school to the Basri school founded by Sibawayh. Life A Persian native of al-Kūfah, he learned grammar from al-Ru’āsī and a group of other scholars. It is said that al-Kisā’ī took this moniker from the particular kind of mantle he wore called a kisā’. Al-Kisā’ī entered the court of the Abbāsid caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd at Baghdād as tutor to the two princes, al-Ma’mūn and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Diacritics
The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, which include: consonant pointing known as (), and supplementary diacritics known as (). The latter include the vowel marks termed (; singular: , '). The Arabic script is a modified abjad, where short consonants and long vowels are represented by letters but short vowels and consonant length are not generally indicated in writing. ' is optional to represent missing vowels and consonant length. Modern Arabic is always written with the ''i‘jām''—consonant pointing, but only religious texts, children's books and works for learners are written with the full ''tashkīl''—vowel guides and consonant length. It is however not uncommon for authors to add diacritics to a word or letter when the grammatical case or the meaning is deemed otherwise ambiguous. In addition, classical works and historic documents rendered to the general public are often rendered with the full ''tashkīl'', to compensate for the gap in understanding resulting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
