|
Projective Semilinear Group
In linear algebra, particularly projective geometry, a semilinear map between vector spaces ''V'' and ''W'' over a field ''K'' is a function that is a linear map "up to a twist", hence ''semi''-linear, where "twist" means "field automorphism of ''K''". Explicitly, it is a function that is: * Additive map, additive with respect to vector addition: T(v+v') = T(v)+T(v') * there exists a field automorphism ''θ'' of ''K'' such that T(\lambda v) = \lambda^\theta T(v), where \lambda^\theta is the image of the scalar \lambda under the automorphism. If such an automorphism exists and ''T'' is nonzero, it is unique, and ''T'' is called ''θ''-semilinear. Where the domain and codomain are the same space (i.e. ), it may be termed a semilinear transformation. The invertible semilinear transforms of a given vector space ''V'' (for all choices of field automorphism) form a group, called the general semilinear group and denoted \operatorname(V), by analogy with and extending the general ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linear Algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as: :a_1x_1+\cdots +a_nx_n=b, linear maps such as: :(x_1, \ldots, x_n) \mapsto a_1x_1+\cdots +a_nx_n, and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices. Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to spaces of functions. Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering, because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freshman's Dream
The freshman's dream is a name sometimes given to the erroneous equation (x+y)^n=x^n+y^n, where n is a real number (usually a positive integer greater than 1) and x,y are nonzero real numbers. Beginning students commonly make this error in computing the power of a sum of real numbers, falsely assuming powers distribute over sums. When ''n'' = 2, it is easy to see why this is incorrect: (''x'' + ''y'')2 can be correctly computed as ''x''2 + 2''xy'' + ''y''2 using distributivity (commonly known by students as the FOIL method). For larger positive integer values of ''n'', the correct result is given by the binomial theorem. The name "freshman's dream" also sometimes refers to the theorem that says that for a prime number ''p'', if ''x'' and ''y'' are members of a commutative ring of characteristic ''p'', then (''x'' + ''y'')''p'' = ''x''''p'' + ''y''''p''. In this more exotic type of arithmetic, the "mistake" actually ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linear Algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as: :a_1x_1+\cdots +a_nx_n=b, linear maps such as: :(x_1, \ldots, x_n) \mapsto a_1x_1+\cdots +a_nx_n, and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices. Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to spaces of functions. Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering, because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Functions And Mappings
In mathematics, a map or mapping is a function in its general sense. These terms may have originated as from the process of making a geographical map: ''mapping'' the Earth surface to a sheet of paper. The term ''map'' may be used to distinguish some special types of functions, such as homomorphisms. For example, a linear map is a homomorphism of vector spaces, while the term linear function may have this meaning or it may mean a linear polynomial. In category theory, a map may refer to a morphism. The term ''transformation'' can be used interchangeably, but '' transformation'' often refers to a function from a set to itself. There are also a few less common uses in logic and graph theory. Maps as functions In many branches of mathematics, the term ''map'' is used to mean a function, sometimes with a specific property of particular importance to that branch. For instance, a "map" is a "continuous function" in topology, a "linear transformation" in linear algebra, etc. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing. Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin, it expanded internationally in the 1960s, and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices in Berlin, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, and New York City. History Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872.Chronology ". Springer Science+Business Media. In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally, o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complex Conjugate Vector Space
In mathematics, the complex conjugate of a complex vector space V\, is a complex vector space \overline V, which has the same elements and additive group structure as V, but whose scalar multiplication involves conjugation of the scalars. In other words, the scalar multiplication of \overline V satisfies \alpha\,*\, v = where * is the scalar multiplication of \overline and \cdot is the scalar multiplication of V. The letter v stands for a vector in V, \alpha is a complex number, and \overline denotes the complex conjugate of \alpha. More concretely, the complex conjugate vector space is the same underlying vector space (same set of points, same vector addition and real scalar multiplication) with the conjugate linear complex structure J (different multiplication by i). Motivation If V and W are complex vector spaces, a function f : V \to W is antilinear if f(v + w) = f(v) + f(w) \quad \text \quad f(\alpha v) = \overline \, f(v) With the use of the conjugate vector space \overline ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antilinear Map
In mathematics, a function f : V \to W between two complex vector spaces is said to be antilinear or conjugate-linear if \begin f(x + y) &= f(x) + f(y) && \qquad \text \\ f(s x) &= \overline f(x) && \qquad \text \\ \end hold for all vectors x, y \in V and every complex number s, where \overline denotes the complex conjugate of s. Antilinear maps stand in contrast to linear maps, which are additive maps that are homogeneous rather than conjugate homogeneous. If the vector spaces are real then antilinearity is the same as linearity. Antilinear maps occur in quantum mechanics in the study of time reversal and in spinor calculus, where it is customary to replace the bars over the basis vectors and the components of geometric objects by dots put above the indices. Scalar-valued antilinear maps often arise when dealing with complex inner products and Hilbert spaces. Definitions and characterizations A function is called or if it is additive and conjugate homogeneous. An ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sporadic Simple Group
In mathematics, a sporadic group is one of the 26 exceptional groups found in the classification of finite simple groups. A simple group is a group ''G'' that does not have any normal subgroups except for the trivial group and ''G'' itself. The classification theorem states that the list of finite simple groups consists of 18 countably infinite plus 26 exceptions that do not follow such a systematic pattern. These 26 exceptions are the sporadic groups. They are also known as the sporadic simple groups, or the sporadic finite groups. Because it is not strictly a group of Lie type, the Tits group is sometimes regarded as a sporadic group, in which case there would be 27 sporadic groups. The monster group is the largest of the sporadic groups, and all but six of the other sporadic groups are subquotients of it. Names Five of the sporadic groups were discovered by Mathieu in the 1860s and the other 21 were found between 1965 and 1975. Several of these groups were predicted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fundamental Theorem Of Projective Geometry
In projective geometry, a homography is an isomorphism of projective spaces, induced by an isomorphism of the vector spaces from which the projective spaces derive. It is a bijection that maps lines to lines, and thus a collineation. In general, some collineations are not homographies, but the fundamental theorem of projective geometry asserts that is not so in the case of real projective spaces of dimension at least two. Synonyms include projectivity, projective transformation, and projective collineation. Historically, homographies (and projective spaces) have been introduced to study perspective and projections in Euclidean geometry, and the term ''homography'', which, etymologically, roughly means "similar drawing", dates from this time. At the end of the 19th century, formal definitions of projective spaces were introduced, which differed from extending Euclidean or affine spaces by adding points at infinity. The term "projective transformation" originated in these abstra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Projectivity
In projective geometry, a homography is an isomorphism of projective spaces, induced by an isomorphism of the vector spaces from which the projective spaces derive. It is a bijection that maps lines to lines, and thus a collineation. In general, some collineations are not homographies, but the fundamental theorem of projective geometry asserts that is not so in the case of real projective spaces of dimension at least two. Synonyms include projectivity, projective transformation, and projective collineation. Historically, homographies (and projective spaces) have been introduced to study perspective and projections in Euclidean geometry, and the term ''homography'', which, etymologically, roughly means "similar drawing", dates from this time. At the end of the 19th century, formal definitions of projective spaces were introduced, which differed from extending Euclidean or affine spaces by adding points at infinity. The term "projective transformation" originated in these abstr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Projective Linear Group
In mathematics, especially in the group theoretic area of algebra, the projective linear group (also known as the projective general linear group or PGL) is the induced action of the general linear group of a vector space ''V'' on the associated projective space P(''V''). Explicitly, the projective linear group is the quotient group :PGL(''V'') = GL(''V'')/Z(''V'') where GL(''V'') is the general linear group of ''V'' and Z(''V'') is the subgroup of all nonzero scalar transformations of ''V''; these are quotiented out because they act trivially on the projective space and they form the kernel of the action, and the notation "Z" reflects that the scalar transformations form the center of the general linear group. The projective special linear group, PSL, is defined analogously, as the induced action of the special linear group on the associated projective space. Explicitly: :PSL(''V'') = SL(''V'')/SZ(''V'') where SL(''V'') is the special linear group over ''V'' and SZ(''V'') is t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Classical Group
In mathematics, the classical groups are defined as the special linear groups over the reals , the complex numbers and the quaternions together with special automorphism groups of symmetric or skew-symmetric bilinear forms and Hermitian or skew-Hermitian sesquilinear forms defined on real, complex and quaternionic finite-dimensional vector spaces. Of these, the complex classical Lie groups are four infinite families of Lie groups that together with the exceptional groups exhaust the classification of simple Lie groups. The compact classical groups are compact real forms of the complex classical groups. The finite analogues of the classical groups are the classical groups of Lie type. The term "classical group" was coined by Hermann Weyl, it being the title of his 1939 monograph '' The Classical Groups''. The classical groups form the deepest and most useful part of the subject of linear Lie groups. Most types of classical groups find application in classical and modern phys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
