|
Postsocialism
Postsocialism is the academic study of states after the fall or decline of socialism, especially in Eastern Europe and Asia. The "socialism" in postsocialism is not based on a Marxist conception of socialism but rather, especially in the Eastern European context, on the idea of "actually existing socialism". Scholars of postsocialist states maintain that, even if the political and economic systems in place did not adhere to orthodox Marxist ideas of "socialism", these systems were real and had real effects on cultures, society, and individuals' subjectivities. Scholars of postsocialism often draw from other theoretical frameworks like postcolonialism and focus especially on the evolution of labor relations, gender roles, and ethnic and religious political affiliations. The idea of postsocialism has also been criticized, however, for placing so much emphasis on the impact of socialism while the term socialism remains difficult to define, especially if extended beyond Eastern Europe. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Post-communism
Post-communism is the period of political and economic transformation or transition in former communist states located in Eastern Europe and parts of Africa and Asia in which new governments aimed to create free market-oriented capitalist economies. In 1989–1992, communist party governance collapsed in most communist party-governed states. After severe hardships the communist parties retained control in China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam. Yugoslavia fell into parts that plunged into a long complex series of wars between ethnic groups. Soviet-oriented communist movements collapsed in countries where it was not in control. Politics The policies of most Communist parties in both the Eastern and Western Bloc had been governed by the example of the Soviet Union. In most countries in the Eastern Bloc following the Revolutions of 1989 and the fall of communist-led governments, the communist parties split in two factions: a reformist social democratic party and a new less ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Huang Jianxin
Huang Jianxin (born 14 June 1954) is a Chinese filmmaker. He also writes film scripts under the pen name Huang Xin. He is normally considered part of the fifth generation of Chinese filmmakers (a group that includes Chen Kaige, Zhang Yimou and Tian Zhuangzhuang),Pickowicz, Paul G. (1994). "Huang Jianxin and the Notion of Postsocialism" i''New Chinese Cinemas: Forms, Identities, and Politics'' Cambridge University Press, p. 54. . Google Book Search. Retrieved 2008-09-05. due to shared traits in his works, although he was not a strictly a member of the inaugural 1982 class of the Beijing Film Academy.Zhang, Yingjin & Xiao, Zhiwei (1998). "The Fifth Generation" i''Encyclopedia of Chinese Film'' Taylor & Francis, p. 164. . Additionally, Huang's films are distinguished from his contemporaries in that they focused on urban contemporary life, as contrasted to historical dramas, as well as for their satirical observations of the Chinese bureaucracy. Biography Huang was born in Xi'an, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Actually Existing Socialism
Real socialism, better known as actually existing socialism or developed socialism (), was an ideological catchphrase popularized during the Brezhnev era in the Eastern Bloc countries and the Soviet Union.Socjalizm Realny (Real Socialism) ''Encyklopedia Interia''. Retrieved November 22, 2013. The term referred to the implemented by the at that particular time. From the 1960s onward, countries such as |
Hybridity
Hybridity, in its most basic sense, refers to mixture. The term originates from biology and was subsequently employed in linguistics and in racial theory in the nineteenth century. Young, Robert. ''Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race'', 1995, Putnam, . Its contemporary uses are scattered across numerous academic disciplines and is salient in popular culture.pp.106-136. Hutnyk, John. ‘Adorno at Womad: South Asian crossovers and the limits of hybridity-talk’, in ''Debating Cultural Hybridity'', ed. by Tariq Modood and Pnina Werbner, 1997, Zed Books, . Hybridity is used in discourses about race, postcolonialism, identity, anti-racism and multiculturalism, and globalization, developed from its roots as a biological term. In biology As racial mixing Hybridity is a cross between two separate races, plants or cultures. A hybrid is something that is mixed, and hybridity is simply mixture. Hybridity is not a new cultural or historical phenomenon. It has been a feat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Post-Soviet States
The post-Soviet states, also known as the former Soviet Union (FSU), the former Soviet Republics and in Russia as the near abroad (russian: links=no, ближнее зарубежье, blizhneye zarubezhye), are the 15 sovereign states that were union republics of the Soviet Union, which emerged and re-emerged from the Soviet Union following its dissolution in 1991. Russia is the primary ''de facto'' internationally recognized successor state to the Soviet Union after the Cold War; while Ukraine has, by law, proclaimed that it is a state-successor of both the Ukrainian SSR and the Soviet Union which remained under dispute over formerly Soviet-owned properties. The three Baltic states – Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – were the first to declare their independence from the USSR, between March and May 1990, claiming continuity from the original states that existed prior to their annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940. The remaining 12 republics all subsequently seceded, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nomenklatura
The ''nomenklatura'' ( rus, номенклату́ра, p=nəmʲɪnklɐˈturə, a=ru-номенклатура.ogg; from la, nomenclatura) were a category of people within the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries who held various key administrative positions in the bureaucracy, running all spheres of those countries' activity: government, industry, agriculture, education, etc., whose positions were granted only with approval by the communist party of each country or region. Virtually all members of the nomenklatura were members of a communist party. Critics of Stalin, such as Milovan Đilas, critically defined them as a "new class". Richard Pipes, a Harvard historian, claimed that the nomenklatura system mainly reflected a continuation of the old Tsarist regime, as many former Tsarist officials or " careerists" joined the Bolshevik government during and after the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. The ''nomenklatura'' formed a ''de facto'' elite of public powers in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Informal Economy
An informal economy (informal sector or grey economy) is the part of any economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. Although the informal sector makes up a significant portion of the economies in developing countries, it is sometimes stigmatized as troublesome and unmanageable. However, the informal sector provides critical economic opportunities for the poor and has been expanding rapidly since the 1960s. Integrating the informal economy into the formal sector is an important policy challenge. In many cases, unlike the formal economy, activities of the informal economy are not included in a country's gross national product (GNP) or gross domestic product (GDP). However, Italy has included estimates of informal activity in their GDP calculations since 1987, which swells their GDP by an estimated 18% and in 2014, a number of European countries formally changed their GDP calculations to include prostitution and narcotics sales in their official GDP sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Business Oligarch
A business oligarch is generally a business magnate who controls sufficient resources to influence national politics. A business leader can be considered an oligarch if the following conditions are satisfied: # uses monopolistic tactics to dominate an industry; # possesses sufficient political power to promote their own interests; # controls multiple businesses, which intensively coordinate their activities. More generally, an oligarch () is a "member of an oligarchy; a person who is part of a small group holding power in a state". See also * Russian oligarchs * Ukrainian oligarchs * Oligarchy * Tai-pan A tai-pan (,Andrew J. Moody, "Transmission Languages and Source Languages of Chinese Borrowings in English", ''American Speech'', Vol. 71, No. 4 (Winter, 1996), pp. 414-415. literally "top class"汉英词典 — ''A Chinese-English Dictionary' ... * Chaebol References Social groups Wealth concentration Oligarchy Post-Soviet states {{Business-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apparatchik
__NOTOC__ An apparatchik (; russian: аппара́тчик ) was a full-time, professional functionary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union or the Soviet government ''apparat'' ( аппарат, apparatus), someone who held any position of bureaucratic or political responsibility, with the exception of the higher ranks of management called nomenklatura. James Billington describes an apparatchik as "a man not of grand plans, but of a hundred carefully executed details." The term is often considered derogatory, with negative connotations in terms of the quality, competence, and attitude of a person thus described. Members of the apparat (apparatchiks or apparatchiki) were frequently transferred between different areas of responsibility, usually with little or no actual training for their new areas of responsibility. Thus, the term apparatchik, or "agent of the apparatus" was usually the best possible description of the person's profession and occupation. Not all apparatc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Producerism
Producerism is an ideology which holds that those members of society engaged in the production of tangible wealth are of greater benefit to society than, for example, aristocrats who inherit their wealth and status. History Robert Ascher traces the history of producerism back as early as the Diggers in the 1640s. This outlook was not widespread among artisans of the time because they owed their livelihoods to the patronage of the aristocracy, but by the time of the American Revolution, the producerist view was dominant among American artisans. Rosanne Currarino identifies two varieties of producerism in the mid-19th century: "proprietary producerism", which is popular among self-employed farmers and urban artisans, and "industrial producerism", which spoke to wage-laborers and is identified in particular with the Knights of Labor and the rise of socialism. For some commentators, the Pullman Strike of 1894, led by Eugene V. Debs, was a high-water mark in the history of American p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul G
Paulo George Marques João (born March 31), better known by his stage name Paul G, is an Angolan urban pop and R&B singer-songwriter, producer and dancer. He began his career as a founding member of Angola's first worldly known rap group South Side Posse (SSP) alongside Big Nelo, Jeff Brown, and Kudi. Later, Paul G went on to produce and guide the career of Bruna Tatiana, making her the first contestant from Angola in the hit real life television show Big Brother Africa. The success of his productions and collaborations with other artists gave him the opportunity to visit the United States of America, where he met with music producer H. Gil Ingles, a founding member of XPOSURE Entertainment. That sealed his career as a solo artist with the production of the debut album "Transition". In 2009, Paul G released his debut album Transition, which contained the Kora-nominated hit "Freaking Me Out" that features hip-hop artist Alashus (aka C1), and the original version of MTV Base nomin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialism With Chinese Characteristics
Socialism with Chinese characteristics ( zh, s=中国特色社会主义, hp=Zhōngguó tèsè shèhuìzhǔyì) is a set of political theories and policies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that are seen by their proponents as representing Marxism–Leninism adapted to Chinese circumstances and specific time periods, consisting of Deng Xiaoping Theory, Three Represents (Jiang Zemin), Scientific Outlook on Development ( Hu Jintao), and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. In this view, Xi Jinping Thought is considered to represent Marxist–Leninist policies suited for China's present condition while Deng Xiaoping Theory was considered relevant for the period when it was formulated. The term entered common usage during the era of Deng Xiaoping and was largely associated with Deng's overall program of adopting elements of market economics as a means to foster growth using foreign direct investment and to increase productivity (especially ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
