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Persecutory Delusion
A persecutory delusion is a common type of delusional condition in which the affected person believes that harm is going to occur to oneself by a persecutor, despite a clear lack of evidence. The person may believe that they are being targeted by an individual or a group of people. Persecution delusions are very diverse in terms of content and vary from the possible, albeit improbable, to the completely bizarre. The delusion can be found in a multitude of disorders being more usual in psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and delusional disorder. Persecutory delusion is at the more severe side of the paranoia spectrum and it often induces anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance, patients with this delusion have also been found to have a low self-esteem. Persecutory delusions have a high percentage to be acted upon, such as not leaving the house due to fear or acting violently. Persecutory type is a common type of delusion and is more prevalent in ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Delusion
A delusion is a false fixed belief that is not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence. As a pathology, it is distinct from a belief based on false or incomplete information, confabulation, dogma, illusion, hallucination, or some other misleading effects of perception, as individuals with those beliefs ''are'' able to change or readjust their beliefs upon reviewing the evidence. However: "The distinction between a delusion and a strongly held idea is sometimes difficult to make and depends in part on the degree of conviction with which the belief is held despite clear or reasonable contradictory evidence regarding its veracity." Delusions have been found to occur in the context of many pathological states (both general physical and mental) and are of particular diagnostic importance in psychotic disorders including schizophrenia, paraphrenia, manic episodes of bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression. Types Delusions are categorized into four different gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Safety Behaviors (anxiety)
Safety behaviors (also known as safety-seeking behaviors) are coping behaviors used to reduce anxiety and fear when the user feels threatened.Salkovskis, P. M. (1991). The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: A cognitive account. ''Behavioural Psychotherapy'', ''19''(1), 6–19. doi:10.1017/S0141347300011472 An example of a safety behavior in social anxiety is to think of excuses to escape a potentially uncomfortable situation.Cuming, S., Rapee, R. M., Kemp, N., Abbott, M. J., Peters, L., & Gaston, J. E. (2009). A self-report measure of subtle avoidance and safety behaviors relevant to social anxiety: Development and psychometric properties. ''Journal of Anxiety Disorders'', ''23''(7), 879–883. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.05.002 These safety behaviors, although useful for reducing anxiety in the short term, might become maladaptive over the long term by prolonging anxiety and fear of nonthreatening situations.Rachman, S. (1984). Agoraphobia—A safety- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethical Human Psychology And Psychiatry
Peter Roger Breggin (born May 11, 1936) is an American psychiatrist and critic of shock treatment and psychiatric medication and Covid-19 response. In his books, he advocates replacing psychiatry's use of drugs and electroconvulsive therapy with psychotherapy, education, empathy, love, and broader human services. Breggin is the author of many books critical of psychiatric medication, including ''Toxic Psychiatry'', ''Talking Back to Prozac'' and ''Talking Back to Ritalin.'' His most recent book, ''Brain-Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry'', discusses his theory of medication spellbinding (in which patients are said to do worse after treatment but fail to see this or recognize why), the adverse effects of drugs and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the hazards of diagnosing and medicating children, Breggin's theory of a "psychopharmaceutical complex", and guidelines for psychotherapy and counseling. Breggin's latest book is ''Covid-19 and the Global Predators: We are the Prey'' whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Querulous Paranoia
In the legal profession and courts, a querulant (from the Latin ''querulus'' - "complaining") is a person who obsessively feels wronged, particularly about minor causes of action. In particular the term is used for those who repeatedly petition authorities or pursue legal actions based on manifestly unfounded grounds. These applications include in particular complaints about petty offenses. Querulant behavior is to be distinguished from either the obsessive pursuit of justice regarding major injustices, or the proportionate, reasonable, pursuit of justice regarding minor grievances. According to Mullen and Lester, the life of the querulant individual becomes consumed by their personal pursuit of justice in relation to minor grievances. Use in psychiatry In psychiatry, the terms querulous paranoia ( Kraepelin, 1904) and litigious paranoia have been used to describe a paranoid condition which manifested itself in querulant behavior. The concept had, until 2004, disappeared from t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ideas And Delusions Of Reference
Ideas of reference and delusions of reference describe the phenomenon of an individual experiencing innocuous events or mere coincidences and believing they have strong personal significance. It is "the notion that everything one perceives in the world relates to one's own destiny", usually in a negative and hostile manner. In psychiatry, delusions of reference form part of the diagnostic criteria for psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder, bipolar disorder (during the elevated stages of mania), narcissistic personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder, and even autism when under periods of intense stress. To a lesser extent, it can be a hallmark of paranoid personality disorder as well as body dysmorphic disorder. Such symptoms can also be caused by intoxication, such as from stimulants like methamphetamine. Psychoanalytic views In Sigmund Freud's view, "Delusions of being watched present this power in a regressive form, thus reveal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philippa Garety
Philippa Garety is Professor of Clinical Psychology and Clinical Director of the Psychosis Clinical Academic Group (CAG), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Garety specializes in the psychological understanding and treatment of psychosis and, in particular, delusions. Garety is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society and received the Shapiro award in 2002. In 2008 Garety was selected as a Senior Investigator of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). Academic career Garety began her career by completing a B.A. in Natural Sciences (Psychology) University of Cambridge in 1979. She then undertook an M.Phil in Clinical Psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry, London University, which she completed in 1981. Garety was awarded her PhD in Psychology from London University in 1990. She later went on to receive an M.A. in Education (Higher and Professional) from the Institute of Education, London University in 1996. Employment Garety was the Professo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daniel Freeman (psychologist)
Daniel Freeman is a British psychologist and paranoia expert at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and professor of clinical psychology and National Institute for Health Research research professor in the Department of Psychiatry at University of Oxford. His research indicates that paranoia affects a much wider population, not just those who have schizophrenia, as previously thought. One of his studies has also suggested that virtual reality can help treat paranoia. He has written several books on paranoia and anxiety disorders. In 2008, Freeman received the May Davidson Award from the British Psychological Society's Division of Clinical Psychology. On 22 July 2022, he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences. In December 2018 Freeman presented the BBC Radio 4 BBC Radio 4 is a British national radio station owned and operated by the BBC t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Classification Of Diseases
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a globally used diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical purposes. The ICD is maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO), which is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations System. The ICD is originally designed as a health care classification system, providing a system of diagnostic codes for classifying diseases, including nuanced classifications of a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or disease. This system is designed to map health conditions to corresponding generic categories together with specific variations, assigning for these a designated code, up to six characters long. Thus, major categories are designed to include a set of similar diseases. The ICD is published by the WHO and used worldwide for morbidity and mortality statistics, reimbursement systems, and automated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders
The ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM; latest edition: DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022) is a publication by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for the classification of mental disorders using a common language and standard criteria and is the main book for the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in the United States and is considered one of the "Bibles" of psychiatry along with the ICD, CCMD and the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual. It is usedmainly in the United Statesby researchers, psychiatric drug regulation agencies, health insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, the legal system, and policymakers. Mental health professionals use the manual to determine and help communicate a patient's diagnosis after an evaluation. Hospitals, clinics, and insurance companies in the United States may require a DSM diagnosis for all patients with mental disorders. Health-care researchers use the DSM to categorize patients for research ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rumination (psychology)
Rumination is the focused attention on the symptoms of one's distress, and on its possible causes and consequences, as opposed to its solutions, according to the ''Response Styles Theory'' proposed by Nolen-Hoeksema (1998). Because the Response Styles Theory has been empirically supported, this model of rumination is the most widely used conceptualization. Other theories, however, have proposed different definitions for rumination. For example, in the ''Goal Progress Theory'', rumination is conceptualized not as a reaction to a mood state, but as a "response to failure to progress satisfactorily towards a goal". As such, both rumination and worry are associated with anxiety and other negative emotional states; however, its measures have not been unified. Multiple tools exist to measure ruminative thoughts. Treatments specifically addressing ruminative thought patterns are still in the early stages of development. Theories Response styles theory Response styles theory (RST) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atypical Antipsychotic
The atypical antipsychotics (AAP), also known as second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and serotonin–dopamine antagonists (SDAs), are a group of antipsychotic drugs (antipsychotic drugs in general are also known as major tranquilizers and neuroleptics, although the latter is usually reserved for the '' typical antipsychotics'') largely introduced after the 1970s and used to treat psychiatric conditions. Some atypical antipsychotics have received regulatory approval (e.g. by the FDA of the US, the TGA of Australia, the MHRA of the UK) for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, irritability in autism, and as an adjunct in major depressive disorder. Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways. Atypicals are less likely than haloperidol — the most widely used typical antipsychotic — to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities in patients such as unsteady Parkinson's disease-type movements, body rigidity, and invo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
