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Probainognathia
Probainognathia is one of the two major subgroups of the clade Eucynodontia, the other being Cynognathia. The earliest forms were carnivorous and insectivorous, though some groups eventually also evolved herbivorous diets. The earliest and most basal probainognathian is the Middle Triassic (Anisian) aged ''Lumkuia'', from South Africa, though probainognathians would not become prominent until the mid Norian stage of the Late Triassic. Three groups survived the extinction at the end of Triassic: Tritheledontidae and Tritylodontidae, which both survived until the Jurassic—the latter even into the Cretaceous (''Montirictus'' and '' Xenocretosuchus'')—and Mammaliaformes, which includes the mammals. Phylogeny Below is a cladogram from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships: See also * Evolution of mammals * List of prehistoric mammals This is an incomplete list of prehistoric mammals. It does not include extant mam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Probainognathidae
Probainognathidae is an extinct family of insectivorous cynodonts which lived in what is now South America during the Middle to Late Triassic. The family was established by Alfred Romer in 1973 and includes two genera, ''Probainognathus'' from the Chañares Formation of Argentina and ''Bonacynodon'' from the ''Dinodontosaurus'' Assemblage Zone of Brazil. Probainognathids were closely related to the clade Prozostrodontia, which includes mammals and their close relatives. Description Members of Probainognathidae were relatively small-bodied animals, with skull lengths of around . The temporal region (area behind the eye sockets) was rather wide, and longer than the snout. The secondary palate was well-developed compared to earlier cynodonts, and the portion made up by the maxilla was larger than the part made from the palatine bone. The dentary, the tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw, was quite tall when seen from the side. The mandibular symphysis (the joint between the two h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lumkuia
''Lumkuia'' is an extinct genus of cynodonts, fossils of which have been found in the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group in the South African Karoo Basin that date back to the early Middle Triassic. It contains a single species, ''Lumkuia fuzzi'', which was named in 2001 on the basis of the holotype specimen BP/1/2669, which can now be found at the Bernard Price Institute in Johannesburg, South Africa. The genus has been placed in its own family, Lumkuiidae. ''Lumkuia'' is not as common as other cynodonts from the same locality such as ''Diademodon'' and '' Trirachodon''. Discovery and naming The holotype and only known specimen of ''Lumkuia'', BP/1/2669, was found by Paul Reubsamen near the Lumku Mission in the Eastern Cape province, close to the small town of Lady Frere. It was collected from rocks belonging to the subzone B of the ''Cynognathus'' Assemblage Zone. It consists of a well-preserved skull, part of the shoulder girdle (including the left scapulo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ecteniniidae
Ecteniniidae is an extinct family of probainognathian cynodonts from the Triassic of South America. They are notable for their large size, as well as for being among the first synapsids with specializations towards cursoriality. Phylogeny Below is a cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to ... from Martínez ''et al.'' (2013): References Prehistoric probainognathians Late Triassic first appearances Late Triassic extinctions Prehistoric therapsid families {{paleo-therapsid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiniquodon
''Chiniquodon'' is an extinct genus of carnivorous cynodonts, which lived during the Late Triassic (Carnian) in South America (Argentina and Brazil) and Africa (Namibia and Madagascar). ''Chiniquodon'' was closely related to the genus '' Aleodon'', and close to the ancestry of mammals. Other contemporaries included early dinosaurs. As both groups filled a similar ecological niche, fairly large therapsid hunters such as ''Chiniquodon'' may have been outcompeted by dinosaurs. Classification ''Chiniquodon theotonicus'', the type species, is from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil and Chañares Formation, Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, northwestern Argentina. This species is known from a number of skulls. The holotype is in the paleontological collection at Tübingen University, Germany. ''Chiniquodon sanjuanensis'' is from the Cancha de Bochas Member of the Ischigualasto Formation, Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, northwestern Argentina. It was originally assigned to the ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Candelariodon
''Candelariodon'' is an extinct genus of carnivorous probainognathian cynodonts from the Middle to Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation of the Paraná Basin in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. ''Candelariodon'' is known from a partial mandible having some complete teeth. It was first named by Téo Veiga de Oliveira, Cesar Leandro Schultz, Marina Bento Soares and Carlos Nunes Rodrigues in 2011 and the type species is ''Candelariodon barberenai''. Description The holotype (MMACR PV-0001-T) of ''Candelariodon barberenai'' comes from the ''Dinodontosaurus'' Assemblage Zone of the Pinheros-Chiniquá Sequence, Santa Maria Supersequence. It corresponds to the lower portion of the traditional Santa Maria Formation and the Santa Maria 1 Sequence of Zerfass et al. (2003). The outcrop that yielded MMACR PV-0001-T is located about south of Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul, southeastern Brazil, in the Pinheiro, an area in which several tetrapods characteristic of the ''Dinodontosauru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charruodon
''Charruodon'' is an extinct genus of cynodonts which existed in the ''Hyperodapedon'' Assemblage Zone of the Santa Maria Formation in the Paraná Basin in southeastern Brazil during the Late Triassic. The genus contains only the type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specime ... ''Charruodon tetracuspidatus'', which is known from a single specimen of uncertain provenance. Upon its first description, ''Charruodon'' was tentatively placed within the family Therioherpetidae, but a 2017 study by Agustín G. Martinelli and colleagues instead recovered it as a more basal member of Probainognathia. References Prehistoric probainognathians Prehistoric cynodont genera Late Triassic synapsids of South America Triassic Brazil Fossils of Brazil Santa Maria Forma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protheriodon
''Protheriodon'' is an extinct genus of probainognathian cynodonts which existed in the Santa Maria Formation of the Paraná Basin in southeastern Brazil during the middle Triassic period. It contains the species ''Protheriodon estudianti''. It was first described by Argentine palaeontologist José Bonaparte José Fernando Bonaparte (14 June 1928 – 18 February 2020) was an Argentine paleontologist who discovered a plethora of South American dinosaurs and mentored a new generation of Argentine paleontologists . One of the best-known Argentine paleo ..., who assigned it to the family Brasilodontidae. More recent studies have however recovered it in a more basal position than other brasilodontids, just outside Prozostrodontia. Cladogram from Martinelli ''et al.'', 2017: References Prehistoric cynodont genera Ladinian genera Middle Triassic synapsids of South America Triassic Brazil Fossils of Brazil Santa Maria Formation Fossil taxa described in 2006 Taxa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiniquodontidae
Chiniquodontidae is an extinct family of basal probainognathian cynodonts that lived in what is now Africa and South America during the Middle and Late Triassic. It is currently thought to include two valid genera: '' Aleodon'' and ''Chiniquodon ''Chiniquodon'' is an extinct genus of carnivorous cynodonts, which lived during the Late Triassic (Carnian) in South America (Argentina and Brazil) and Africa (Namibia and Madagascar). ''Chiniquodon'' was closely related to the genus '' Aleodo ...''. Two additional genera (''Belesodon'' and ''Probelesodon'') are usually regarded as junior synonyms of ''Chiniquodon''. References Prehistoric probainognathians Prehistoric therapsid families Taxa named by Friedrich von Huene {{paleo-therapsid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mammaliaformes
Mammaliaformes ("mammalian forms") is a clade that contains the crown group mammals and their closest Extinction, extinct relatives; the group adaptive radiation, radiated from earlier probainognathian cynodonts. It is defined as the clade originating from the most recent common ancestor of Morganucodonta and the crown group mammals; the latter is the clade originating with the most recent common ancestor of extant Monotremata, Marsupialia, and Placentalia. Besides Morganucodonta and the crown group mammals, Mammaliaformes includes Docodonta and ''Hadrocodium'' as well as the Triassic ''Tikitherium'', the earliest known member of the group. Mammaliaformes is a term of phylogenetic nomenclature. In contrast, the assignment of organisms to Mammalia has traditionally been founded on traits and, on this basis, Mammalia is slightly more inclusive than Mammaliaformes. In particular, trait-based taxonomy generally includes ''Adelobasileus'' and ''Sinoconodon'' in Mammalia, though they fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ecteninion
''Ecteninion'' is an extinct genus of meat-eating cynodonts that lived during the Late Triassic (Carnian) in South America. The type species ''Ecteninion lunensis'' was named by R.N. Martinez, C.L. May, and C.A. Forster in 1996. ''E. lunensis'' is known from a nearly complete skull of about in length. It was found in the Cancha de Bochas Member of the Ischigualasto Formation in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin in northwestern Argentina. at Fossilworks.org It has been interpreted as a basal eucynodont. The holotype
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Mammals
Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur or hair, and three middle ear bones. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles (including birds) from which they diverged in the Carboniferous, over 300 million years ago. Around 6,400 extant species of mammals have been described divided into 29 orders. The largest orders, in terms of number of species, are the rodents, bats, and Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, moles, shrews, and others). The next three are the Primates (including humans, apes, monkeys, and others), the Artiodactyla ( cetaceans and even-toed ungulates), and the Carnivora (cats, dogs, seals, and others). In terms of cladistics, which reflects evolutionary history, mammals are the only living members of the Synapsida (synapsids); this clade, together with Saur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleodon
''Aleodon'' is an extinct genus of cynodonts that lived from the Middle to the Late Triassic. Relatively few analyses have been conducted to identify the phylogenetic placement of ''Aleodon'', however those that have place ''Aleodon'' as a sister taxon to ''Chiniquodon''. Two species of ''Aleodon'' are recognized: ''A. brachyramphus'' which was discovered in Tanzania, and ''A. cromptoni'' which was discovered most recently in Brazil. The name for the genus ''Aleodon'' was created when Alfred W. "Fuzz" Crompton initially discovered the type species, ''Aleodon brachyramphus''. The genus name, "Aleodon" referred to the grinding nature of the postcanine teeth, while "brachyramphus" referred to the relatively short snout of the specimen. The most recently discovered species, ''A. cromptoni'' was named after Crompton. Discovery and Classification In 1955, ''Aleodon'' was initially classified as a gomphodont cynodont based on the partial skull and lower jaw fossils found in 1933 in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
