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Primitive Element (Hopf Algebra)
In algebra, a primitive element of a co-algebra ''C'' (over an element ''g'') is an element ''x'' that satisfies :\mu(x) = x \otimes g + g \otimes x where \mu is the co-multiplication and ''g'' is an element of ''C'' that maps to the multiplicative identity 1 of the base field under the co-unit (''g'' is called ''group-like''). If ''C'' is a bi-algebra In mathematics, a bialgebra over a Field (mathematics), field ''K'' is a vector space over ''K'' which is both a unital algebra, unital associative algebra and a coalgebra, counital coassociative coalgebra. The algebraic and coalgebraic structures ..., i.e., a co-algebra that is also an algebra (with certain compatibility conditions satisfied), then one usually takes ''g'' to be 1, the multiplicative identity of ''C''. The bi-algebra ''C'' is said to be primitively generated if it is generated by primitive elements (as an algebra). If ''C'' is a bi-algebra, then the set of primitive elements form a Lie algebra with the usual commu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Co-algebra
In mathematics, coalgebras or cogebras are structures that are dual (in the category-theoretic sense of reversing arrows) to unital associative algebras. The axioms of unital associative algebras can be formulated in terms of commutative diagrams. Turning all arrows around, one obtains the axioms of coalgebras. Every coalgebra, by (vector space) duality, gives rise to an algebra, but not in general the other way. In finite dimensions, this duality goes in both directions ( see below). Coalgebras occur naturally in a number of contexts (for example, representation theory, universal enveloping algebras and group schemes). There are also F-coalgebras, with important applications in computer science. Informal discussion One frequently recurring example of coalgebras occurs in representation theory, and in particular, in the representation theory of the rotation group. A primary task, of practical use in physics, is to obtain combinations of systems with different states of ang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Co-multiplication
In mathematics, coalgebras or cogebras are structures that are dual (in the category-theoretic sense of reversing arrows) to unital associative algebras. The axioms of unital associative algebras can be formulated in terms of commutative diagrams. Turning all arrows around, one obtains the axioms of coalgebras. Every coalgebra, by (vector space) duality, gives rise to an algebra, but not in general the other way. In finite dimensions, this duality goes in both directions ( see below). Coalgebras occur naturally in a number of contexts (for example, representation theory, universal enveloping algebras and group schemes). There are also F-coalgebras, with important applications in computer science. Informal discussion One frequently recurring example of coalgebras occurs in representation theory, and in particular, in the representation theory of the rotation group. A primary task, of practical use in physics, is to obtain combinations of systems with different states of ang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ground Field
In mathematics, a ground field is a field ''K'' fixed at the beginning of the discussion. Use It is used in various areas of algebra: In linear algebra In linear algebra, the concept of a vector space may be developed over any field. In algebraic geometry In algebraic geometry, in the foundational developments of André Weil the use of fields other than the complex numbers was essential to expand the definitions to include the idea of abstract algebraic variety over ''K'', and generic point relative to ''K''. In Lie theory Reference to a ground field may be common in the theory of Lie algebras (''qua'' vector spaces) and algebraic groups (''qua'' algebraic varieties). In Galois theory In Galois theory, given a field extension ''L''/''K'', the field ''K'' that is being extended may be considered the ground field for an argument or discussion. Within algebraic geometry, from the point of view of scheme theory, the spectrum ''Spec''(''K'') of the ground field ''K'' plays th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Co-unit
In mathematics, coalgebras or cogebras are structures that are dual (in the category-theoretic sense of reversing arrows) to unital associative algebras. The axioms of unital associative algebras can be formulated in terms of commutative diagrams. Turning all arrows around, one obtains the axioms of coalgebras. Every coalgebra, by (vector space) duality, gives rise to an algebra, but not in general the other way. In finite dimensions, this duality goes in both directions ( see below). Coalgebras occur naturally in a number of contexts (for example, representation theory, universal enveloping algebras and group schemes). There are also F-coalgebras, with important applications in computer science. Informal discussion One frequently recurring example of coalgebras occurs in representation theory, and in particular, in the representation theory of the rotation group. A primary task, of practical use in physics, is to obtain combinations of systems with different states of ang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bi-algebra
In mathematics, a bialgebra over a Field (mathematics), field ''K'' is a vector space over ''K'' which is both a unital algebra, unital associative algebra and a coalgebra, counital coassociative coalgebra. The algebraic and coalgebraic structures are made compatible with a few more axioms. Specifically, the comultiplication and the counit are both unital algebra homomorphisms, or equivalently, the multiplication and the unit of the algebra both are Coalgebra#Further concepts and facts, coalgebra morphisms. (These statements are equivalent since they are expressed by the same commutative diagrams.) Similar bialgebras are related by bialgebra homomorphisms. A bialgebra homomorphism is a linear map that is both an algebra and a coalgebra homomorphism. As reflected in the symmetry of the commutative diagrams, the definition of bialgebra is Dual (category theory), self-dual, so if one can define a Dual space, dual of ''B'' (which is always possible if ''B'' is finite-dimensional), the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lie Algebra
In mathematics, a Lie algebra (pronounced ) is a vector space \mathfrak g together with an operation called the Lie bracket, an alternating bilinear map \mathfrak g \times \mathfrak g \rightarrow \mathfrak g, that satisfies the Jacobi identity. The Lie bracket of two vectors x and y is denoted ,y/math>. The vector space \mathfrak g together with this operation is a non-associative algebra, meaning that the Lie bracket is not necessarily associative. Lie algebras are closely related to Lie groups, which are groups that are also smooth manifolds: any Lie group gives rise to a Lie algebra, which is its tangent space at the identity. Conversely, to any finite-dimensional Lie algebra over real or complex numbers, there is a corresponding connected Lie group unique up to finite coverings ( Lie's third theorem). This correspondence allows one to study the structure and classification of Lie groups in terms of Lie algebras. In physics, Lie groups appear as symmetry groups ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graded Commutator
In mathematics, the commutator gives an indication of the extent to which a certain binary operation fails to be commutative. There are different definitions used in group theory and ring theory. Group theory The commutator of two elements, and , of a group , is the element : . This element is equal to the group's identity if and only if and commute (from the definition , being equal to the identity if and only if ). The set of all commutators of a group is not in general closed under the group operation, but the subgroup of ''G'' generated by all commutators is closed and is called the ''derived group'' or the ''commutator subgroup'' of ''G''. Commutators are used to define nilpotent and solvable groups and the largest abelian quotient group. The definition of the commutator above is used throughout this article, but many other group theorists define the commutator as :. Identities (group theory) Commutator identities are an important tool in group theory. The e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Milnor–Moore Theorem
In algebra, the Milnor–Moore theorem, introduced by classifies an important class of Hopf algebras, of the sort that often show up as cohomology rings in algebraic topology. The theorem states: given a connected, graded, cocommutative Hopf algebra ''A'' over a field of characteristic zero with \dim A_n . In algebraic topology, the term usually refers to the corollary of the aforementioned result, that for a pointed, simply connected space ''X'', the following isomorphism holds: :U(\pi_(\Omega X) \otimes \Q) \cong H_(\Omega X;\Q), where \Omega X denotes the loop space In topology, a branch of mathematics, the loop space Ω''X'' of a pointed topological space ''X'' is the space of (based) loops in ''X'', i.e. continuous pointed maps from the pointed circle ''S''1 to ''X'', equipped with the compact-open topolo ... of ''X'', compare with Theorem 21.5 from . This work may also be compared with that of . References * * * * * * External links * Theorems abou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universal Enveloping Algebra
In mathematics, the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra is the unital associative algebra whose representations correspond precisely to the representations of that Lie algebra. Universal enveloping algebras are used in the representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras. For example, Verma modules can be constructed as quotients of the universal enveloping algebra. In addition, the enveloping algebra gives a precise definition for the Casimir operators. Because Casimir operators commute with all elements of a Lie algebra, they can be used to classify representations. The precise definition also allows the importation of Casimir operators into other areas of mathematics, specifically, those that have a differential algebra. They also play a central role in some recent developments in mathematics. In particular, their dual provides a commutative example of the objects studied in non-commutative geometry, the quantum groups. This dual can be shown, by the Gelfa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
