|
Personal Initiative
Personal initiative (PI) is self-starting and proactive behavior that overcomes barriers to achieve a goal. The concept was developed by Michael Frese and coworkers in the 1990s . The three facets of PI – self-starting, future oriented, and overcoming barriers form a syndrome of proactive behaviors relating to each other empirically. Self-starting implies that the goals are set by an individual themselves and not by someone else. These self-started goals are often related to future orientation that involves having long-term focus and preparation for future demands and problems. Future demands can be met by proactive actions – 'pro' meaning preparatory or beforehand in Greek. Thus, a proactive approach attempts to get pre-signals signifying future obstacles and developing plans to prevent them. Implementation of long-term goals often leads to new setbacks. Initiative, therefore, implies that one will overcome these barriers actively and persistently. PI stands in contrast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Frese
Michael Frese is a psychologist who teaches management and organizational behaviour at Asia School of Business, Malaysia and Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany. He is a visiting professor at Makerere University Business School in Kampala, Uganda, and at National University of Singapore Business School. He was head of the department and Provost Chair at National University of Singapore Business School. Education and career Frese completed his Master of Science at the Free University of Berlin. After studying psychology, Frese worked at the chair for educational and social sciences at the Technical University of Berlin. He received his doctorate in 1978. In 1980, he was a visiting professor at the University of Bremen, and from 1981 until 1983 at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1984, Frese received a professorship for work psychology at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. From 1991 to 2009 he held the chair for work and organizational psychology at Justus Lie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proactivity
Proactivity or proactive behavior refers to self-initiated behavior that endeavours to solve a problem before it has occurred. Proactive behavior involves acting in advance of a future situation, rather than reacting. It refers to taking control of a situation and making early changes, rather than adjusting to a situation or waiting for something to happen. Reactivity, as a behaviour pattern, is a habitual mode of taking one's lead from the situation or a participant, rather than taking initiative to solve the problem on your own terms. In moderation, this can be an effective expression of social risk aversion. Taken to excess, reactivity is a form of disempowerment. History The use of the word ''proactive'' (or ''pro-active'') was limited to the domain of experimental psychology in the 1930s, and used with a different meaning. ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (OED) credits Paul Whiteley and Gerald Blankfort, citing their 1933 paper discussing proactive inhibition as the "impair ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Work Engagement
Work engagement is the "harnessing of organization member's selves to their work roles: in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, emotionally and mentally during role performances". Three aspects of work motivation are cognitive, emotional and physical engagement. There are two schools of thought with regard to the definition of work engagement. On the one hand Maslach and Leiter assume that a continuum exists with burnout and engagement as two opposite poles. The second school of thought operationalizes engagement in its own right as the positive antithesis of burnout. According to this approach, work engagement is defined as a positive, fulfilling, work-related state of mind that is characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption. Vigor is characterized by high levels of energy and mental resilience while working, the willingness to invest effort in one's work, and persistence even in the face of difficulties; dedication by being strongly invo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |