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Oracle Attack
In the field of security engineering, an oracle attack is an attack that exploits the availability of a weakness in a system that can be used as an "oracle" to give a simple go/no go indication to inform attackers how close they are to their goals. The attacker can then combine the oracle with a systematic search of the problem space to complete their attack. The padding oracle attack, and compression oracle attacks such as BREACH, are examples of oracle attacks, as was the practice of "crib-dragging" in the cryptanalysis of the Enigma machine. An oracle need not be 100% accurate: even a small statistical correlation with the correct go/no go result can frequently be enough for a systematic automated attack. In a compression oracle attack the use of adaptive data compression on a mixture of chosen plaintext and unknown plaintext can result in content-sensitive changes in the length of the compressed text that can be detected even though the content of the compressed text itself is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Security Engineering
Security engineering is the process of incorporating security controls into an information system so that the controls become an integral part of the system’s operational capabilities. It is similar to other systems engineering activities in that its primary motivation is to support the delivery of engineering solutions that satisfy pre-defined functional and user requirements, but it has the added dimension of preventing misuse and malicious behavior. Those constraints and restrictions are often asserted as a security policy. In one form or another, security engineering has existed as an informal field of study for several centuries. For example, the fields of locksmithing and security printing have been around for many years. The concerns for modern security engineering and computer systems were first solidified in a RAND paper from 1967, "Security and Privacy in Computer Systems" by Willis H. Ware. This paper, later expanded in 1979, provided many of the fundamental informati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Test Oracle
In computing, software engineering, and software testing, a test oracle (or just oracle) is a mechanism for determining whether a test has passed or failed. The use of oracles involves comparing the output(s) of the system under test, for a given test-case input, to the output(s) that the oracle determines that product should have. The term "test oracle" was first introduced in a paper by William E. Howden. Additional work on different kinds of oracles was explored by Elaine Weyuker. Oracles often operate separately from the system under test.Jalote, Pankaj; ''An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering'', Springer/Birkhäuser, 2005, However, method postconditions are part of the system under test, as automated oracles in design by contract models. Determining the correct output for a given input (and a set of program or system states) is known as the oracle problem or test oracle problem, which is a much harder problem than it seems, and involves working with problems relat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Padding Oracle Attack
In cryptography, a padding oracle attack is an attack which uses the Padding (cryptography), padding validation of a cryptographic message to decrypt the ciphertext. In cryptography, variable-length plaintext messages often have to be padded (expanded) to be compatible with the underlying cryptographic primitive. The attack relies on having a "padding oracle" who freely responds to queries about whether a message is correctly padded or not. Padding oracle attacks are mostly associated with CBC mode of operation, CBC mode decryption used within block ciphers. Padding modes for asymmetric algorithms such as OAEP may also be vulnerable to padding oracle attacks. Symmetric cryptography In symmetric cryptography, the padding oracle attack can be applied to the CBC mode of operation, where the "test oracle, oracle" (usually a server) leaks data about whether the Padding (cryptography), padding of an encrypted message is correct or not. Such data can allow attackers to decrypt (and someti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BREACH
Breach, Breached, or The Breach may refer to: Places * Breach, Kent, United Kingdom * Breach, West Sussex, United Kingdom * ''The Breach'', Great South Bay in the State of New York People * Breach (DJ), an Electronic/House music act * Miroslava Breach (1963–2017), Mexican journalist Arts, entertainment, and media Films * ''Breach'' (2007 film), a film directed by Billy Ray starring Chris Cooper and Ryan Phillippe * ''Breach'' (2020 film), a 2020 film starring Bruce Willis * ''The Breach'' (film), a 1970 French film by Claude Chabrol Games * ''Breach'' (1987 video game), a 1987 action game by Omnitrend Software * ''Breach'' (2011 video game), a defunct 2011 first-person shooter by Atomic Games * ''Breach'' (2018 video game), a cancelled 2018 action RPG by QC Games * ''Breached'' (video game), a 2016 action puzzle by Drama Drifters * Breach, an agent from the 2020 first-person shooter ''Valorant'' Journalism * ''The Breach'' (media outlet), an online, Canadian news out ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptanalysis
Cryptanalysis (from the Greek ''kryptós'', "hidden", and ''analýein'', "to analyze") refers to the process of analyzing information systems in order to understand hidden aspects of the systems. Cryptanalysis is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cryptographic key is unknown. In addition to mathematical analysis of cryptographic algorithms, cryptanalysis includes the study of side-channel attacks that do not target weaknesses in the cryptographic algorithms themselves, but instead exploit weaknesses in their implementation. Even though the goal has been the same, the methods and techniques of cryptanalysis have changed drastically through the history of cryptography, adapting to increasing cryptographic complexity, ranging from the pen-and-paper methods of the past, through machines like the British Bombes and Colossus computers at Bletchley Park in World War II, to the mathematically advanced comput ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data Compression
In information theory, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Any particular compression is either lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by removing unnecessary or less important information. Typically, a device that performs data compression is referred to as an encoder, and one that performs the reversal of the process (decompression) as a decoder. The process of reducing the size of a data file is often referred to as data compression. In the context of data transmission, it is called source coding; encoding done at the source of the data before it is stored or transmitted. Source coding should not be confused with channel coding, for error detection and correction or line coding, the means for mapping data onto a signal. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chosen Plaintext
A chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts.Ross Anderson, ''Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems''. The first edition (2001): http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html The goal of the attack is to gain information that reduces the security of the encryption scheme. Modern ciphers aim to provide semantic security, also known as ''ciphertext indistinguishability under chosen-plaintext attack'', and they are therefore, by design, generally immune to chosen-plaintext attacks if correctly implemented. Introduction In a chosen-plaintext attack the adversary can (possibly adaptively) ask for the ciphertexts of arbitrary plaintext messages. This is formalized by allowing the adversary to interact with an encryption oracle, viewed as a black box. The attacker’s goal is to reveal all or a part of the secret encryption key. It may seem infea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CRIME
In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a State (polity), state or other authority. The term ''crime'' does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition,Farmer, Lindsay: "Crime, definitions of", in Cane and Conoghan (editors), ''The New Oxford Companion to Law'', Oxford University Press, 2008 (), p. 263Google Books). though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes. The most popular view is that crime is a Category of being, category created by law; in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant and applicable law. One proposed definition is that a crime or offence (or criminal offence) is an act harmful not only to some individual but also to a community, society, or the state ("a public wrong"). Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law. The notion that acts such as murder, rape, and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide. What precisely is a criminal offence is de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BREACH (security Exploit)
Breach, Breached, or The Breach may refer to: Places * Breach, Kent, United Kingdom * Breach, West Sussex, United Kingdom * ''The Breach'', Great South Bay in the State of New York People *Breach (DJ), an Electronic/House music act *Miroslava Breach (1963–2017), Mexican journalist Arts, entertainment, and media Films * ''Breach'' (2007 film), a film directed by Billy Ray starring Chris Cooper and Ryan Phillippe * ''Breach'' (2020 film), a 2020 film starring Bruce Willis * ''The Breach'' (film), a 1970 French film by Claude Chabrol Games * ''Breach'' (1987 video game), a 1987 action game by Omnitrend Software * ''Breach'' (2011 video game), a defunct 2011 first-person shooter by Atomic Games * ''Breach'' (2018 video game), a cancelled 2018 action RPG by QC Games * ''Breached'' (video game), a 2016 action puzzle by Drama Drifters * Breach, an agent from the 2020 first-person shooter ''Valorant'' Journalism * ''The Breach'' (media outlet), an online, Canadian news outle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Side-channel Attack
In computer security, a side-channel attack is any attack based on extra information that can be gathered because of the fundamental way a computer protocol or algorithm is implemented, rather than flaws in the design of the protocol or algorithm itself (e.g. flaws found in a cryptanalysis of a cryptographic algorithm) or minor, but potentially devastating, mistakes or oversights in the implementation. (Cryptanalysis also includes searching for side-channel attacks.) Timing information, power consumption, electromagnetic leaks, and sound are examples of extra information which could be exploited to facilitate side-channel attacks. Some side-channel attacks require technical knowledge of the internal operation of the system, although others such as differential power analysis are effective as black-box attacks. The rise of Web 2.0 applications and software-as-a-service has also significantly raised the possibility of side-channel attacks on the web, even when transmissions betwe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
