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Orthoreovirus
''Orthoreovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Reoviridae'', in the subfamily ''Spinareovirinae''. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts. There are ten species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include mild upper respiratory tract disease, gastroenteritis, and biliary atresia. Mammalian orthoreovirus 3 (strain dearing-T3D) induces cell death preferentially in transformed cells and therefore displays inherent oncolytic properties. History The name "orthoreovirus" comes from the Greek word ''ortho'', meaning "straight" and the reovirus, which comes from taking the letters: R, E, and O from "respiratory enteric orphan virus". The Orthoreovirus was named an orphan virus because it was not known to be associated with any known disease. It was discovered in the early 1950s when it was isolated from the respiratory as well as gastrointestinal tracts of both sick and healthy individuals Classification ''Orthoreovirus'' is part of the family ''Reoviridae''. Its g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mammalian Orthoreovirus
''Mammalian orthoreovirus'' (MRV) is a double-stranded RNA virus. It is a part of the family ''Reoviridae'', as well as the subfamily ''Spinareovirinae''. As seen in the name, the Mammalian Ortheoreovirus infects numerous Mammalian Species, mammalian species and vertebrates which serve as natural hosts. Some diseases that occur as a result of this virus or are associated with this virus include mild upper respiratory illness, and gastrointestinal illness. Examples of these are: upper respiratory tract syndromes, gastroenteritis (stomach flu), biliary atresia, Hydrocephalus, obstructive hydrocephalus, jaundice, Hair loss, alopecia, conjunctivitis, and ‘oily hair’ associated with steatorrhea. There are four serotypes, or distinct variations within the viral species, of Mammalian orthoreovirus. This means that there are four separate strains of Mammalian orthoreovirus: Type 1 Lang, Type 2 Jones, Type 3 Dearing, Type 4 Ndelle. An example of these strains is Mammalian orthoreovirus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piscine Orthoreovirus
''Piscine orthoreovirus'' (PRV) is a species in the genus ''Orthoreovirus'' that infects fish exclusively, PRV was first discovered in 2010 in farmed Atlantic salmon exhibiting Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI) and has been found present at higher concentration in fish with various diseases. These diseases include HSMI, jaundice syndrome, proliferative darkening syndrome and erythrocytic body inclusion syndrome. PRV is thought to mainly affect aquacultured and maricultured fish stocks, and recent research has been focused around the susceptibility of wild stock. However, whether PRV is virulent with respect to HSMI remains a topic of debate. PRV has been in the public eye mostly due to a potential linkage to farmed Atlantic Salmon exhibiting HSMI. Public concern has been raised regarding the possibility of open ocean-net farms transmitting PRV to wild salmon populations and being a factor in declining populations. PRV has not been confirmed to be pathogenic in wild salm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syncytia
A syncytium (; plural syncytia; from Greek: σύν ''syn'' "together" and κύτος ''kytos'' "box, i.e. cell") or symplasm is a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple cell fusions of uninuclear cells (i.e., cells with a single nucleus), in contrast to a coenocyte, which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without accompanying cytokinesis. The muscle cell that makes up animal skeletal muscle is a classic example of a syncytium cell. The term may also refer to cells interconnected by specialized membranes with gap junctions, as seen in the heart muscle cells and certain smooth muscle cells, which are synchronized electrically in an action potential. The field of embryogenesis uses the word ''syncytium'' to refer to the coenocytic blastoderm embryos of invertebrates, such as ''Drosophila melanogaster''. Physiological examples Protists In protists, syncytia can be found in some rhizarians (e.g., chlorarachniophytes, plasmodiophorids, haplosporidians) and acellular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syncytial
A syncytium (; plural syncytia; from Greek: σύν ''syn'' "together" and κύτος ''kytos'' "box, i.e. cell") or symplasm is a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple cell fusions of uninuclear cells (i.e., cells with a single nucleus), in contrast to a coenocyte, which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without accompanying cytokinesis. The muscle cell that makes up animal skeletal muscle is a classic example of a syncytium cell. The term may also refer to cells interconnected by specialized membranes with gap junctions, as seen in the heart muscle cells and certain smooth muscle cells, which are synchronized electrically in an action potential. The field of embryogenesis uses the word ''syncytium'' to refer to the coenocytic blastoderm embryos of invertebrates, such as ''Drosophila melanogaster''. Physiological examples Protists In protists, syncytia can be found in some rhizarians (e.g., chlorarachniophytes, plasmodiophorids, haplosporidians) and acellular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nelson Bay Orthoreovirus
''Nelson Bay orthoreovirus'', often called Nelson Bay virus (NBV) is a novel double-stranded RNA orthoreovirus species first isolated from a flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) near Nelson Bay in New South Wales, Australia.Gard G, Compans RW. Structure and cytopathic effects of Nelson Bay virus. J Virol. 1970 Jul;6(1):100–6. Virology Genome The NBV has a morphology similar to other orthoreoviruses, but has a much more rapid cytopathic effect. See also * Bat virome * Double-stranded RNA viruses * Oncolytic virus * Orphan virus * Xi River virus Xi River virus (XRV) is a putative novel bat virus in the genus ''Orthoreovirus'' isolated from fruit bats in Guangdong Province in southern China. It is the first bat reovirus isolated in China. Virology Genome Only a partial sequence of XR ... References External links MicrobiologyBytesReoviruses {{Taxonbar, from=Q15674491 Orthoreoviruses Bat virome ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avian Orthoreovirus
Avian orthoreovirus, also known as avian reovirus, is an orthoreovirus from the Reoviridae family. Infection causes arthritis and tenosynovitis in poultry. It can also cause respiratory disease. Avian orthoreovirus infection is more common in young birds, because resistance begins to develop from as young as two weeks of age. It is also reportedly more common in broilers. Distribution of avian orthoreovirus is worldwide and it is present in most poultry flocks. It can be transmitted horizontally via the faeces or rarely, vertically. It is not a zoonosis. The most common symptom is lameness. There may also be swelling or bleeding around the joints. Gastrointestinal, respiratory and neurological signs have also been reported. Presumptive diagnoses may be made based on the observation of clinical signs. They can be confirmed using virus isolation, complement fixation, ELISA, immunodiffusion or histopathology (following postmortem exam). Description ''Avian reovirus'' belongs to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reoviridae
''Reoviridae'' is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Member viruses have a wide host range, including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists and fungi. They lack lipid envelopes and package their segmented genome within multi-layered capsids. Lack of a lipid envelope has allowed three-dimensional structures of these large complex viruses (diameter ∼60–100 nm) to be obtained, revealing a structural and likely evolutionary relationship to the cystovirus family of bacteriophage. There are currently 97 species in this family, divided among 15 genera in two subfamilies. Reoviruses can affect the gastrointestinal system (such as rotaviruses) and respiratory tract. The name "reo-" is an acronym for "''r''espiratory ''e''nteric ''o''rphan" viruses''.'' The term "orphan virus" refers to the fact that some of these viruses have been observed not associated with any known disease. Even though viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' have more recently been identified with vario ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pacific Salmon
''Oncorhynchus'' is a genus of fish in the family Salmonidae; it contains the Pacific salmon and Pacific trout. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek ὄγκος (ónkos, “lump, bend”) + ῥύγχος (rhúnkhos, “snout”), in reference to the hooked snout (the "kype") that the males develop during mating season. Range Salmon and trout with native ranges in waters draining to the Pacific Ocean are members of the genus. Their range extends from Beringia southwards, roughly to Taiwan in the west and Mexico to the east. In North America, some subspecies of '' O. clarkii'' are native in the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin, while others are native to the Rio Grande and western tributaries of the Mississippi River Basin which drain to the Gulf of Mexico, rather than to the Pacific. Several species of ''Oncorhynchus'' have been introduced into non-native waters around the globe, establishing self-sustaining wild populations. The six Pacific salmons of ''Oncor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atlantic Salmon
The Atlantic salmon (''Salmo salar'') is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. It is the third largest of the Salmonidae, behind Siberian taimen and Pacific Chinook salmon, growing up to a meter in length. Atlantic salmon are found in the northern Atlantic Ocean and in rivers that flow into it. Most populations are anadromous, hatching in streams and rivers but moving out to sea as they grow where they mature, after which the adults seasonally move upstream again to spawn. When the mature fish re-enter rivers to spawn, they change in colour and appearance. Some populations of this fish only migrate to large lakes, and are "landlocked", spending their entire lives in freshwater. Such populations are found throughout the range of the species. Unlike Pacific species of salmon, ''S. salar'' is iteroparous, which means it can survive spawning and return to sea to repeat the process again in another year. Such individuals can grow to extremely large sizes, althoug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fecal–oral Route
The fecal–oral route (also called the oral–fecal route or orofecal route) describes a particular route of transmission of a disease wherein pathogens in fecal particles pass from one person to the mouth of another person. Main causes of fecal–oral disease transmission include lack of adequate sanitation (leading to open defecation), and poor hygiene practices. If soil or water bodies are polluted with fecal material, humans can be infected with waterborne diseases or soil-transmitted diseases. Fecal contamination of food is another form of fecal-oral transmission. Washing hands properly after changing a baby's diaper or after performing anal hygiene can prevent foodborne illness from spreading. The common factors in the fecal-oral route can be summarized as five Fs: fingers, flies, fields, fluids, and food. Diseases caused by fecal-oral transmission include typhoid, cholera, polio, hepatitis and many other infections, especially ones that cause diarrhea. Background Al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
P17 Protein
The genome and proteins of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in 1983. "In the search for the causative agent, it was initially believed that the virus was a form of the Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), which was known at the time to affect the human immune system and cause certain leukemias. However, researchers at the Pasteur Institute in Paris isolated a previously unknown and genetically distinct retrovirus in patients with AIDS which was later named HIV." Each virion comprises a viral envelope and associated matrix enclosing a capsid, which itself encloses two copies of the single-stranded RNA genome and several enzymes. The discovery of the virus itself occurred two years following the report of the first major cases of AIDS-associated illnesses. Structure The complete sequence of the HIV-1 genome, extracted from infectious virions, has been solved to single-nucleotide resolution. The HIV geno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from grc, ἀπόπτωσις, apóptōsis, 'falling off') is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and mRNA decay. The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis. For an average human child between eight and fourteen years old, approximately twenty to thirty billion cells die per day. In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process that confers advantages during an organism's life cycle. For example, the separation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the digits undergo apoptosis. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
