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Okhrana
The Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order (russian: Отделение по охранению общественной безопасности и порядка), usually called Guard Department ( rus, Охранное отделение, tr= okhrannoye otdelenie) and commonly abbreviated in modern English sources as Okhrana ( rus , Охрана, p=ɐˈxranə, a=Ru-охрана.ogg, t= the guard) was a secret-police force of the Russian Empire and part of the police department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) in the late 19th century and early 20th century, aided by the Special Corps of Gendarmes. Overview Formed to combat political terrorism and left-wing revolutionary activity, the Okhrana operated offices throughout the Russian Empire, as well as satellite agencies in a number of foreign countries. It concentrated on monitoring the activities of Russian revolutionaries abroad, including in Paris, where the Okhrana agent Pyotr Rachkovsky ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yevno Azef
Yevno Fishelevich Azef (russian: Евгений Филиппович (Евно Фишелевич) Азеф, also transliterated as ''Evno'' Azef, 1869–1918) was a Russian socialist revolutionary who also operated as a double agent and agent provocateur. He worked as both an organiser of assassinations for the Socialist Revolutionary Party and a police spy for the Okhrana, the Russian Empire's secret police. He rose through the ranks to become the leader of the Socialist Revolutionary Party's terrorist branch, the SR Combat Organization, from 1904 to 1908. After the revolutionary Vladimir Burtsev unmasked his activity in 1909, Azef fled to Germany, where he died in 1918. Early life Yevno Fishelevich Azef was born in Lyskava (now Brest Region, Belarus) in 1869, the second of seven children of a poor Jewish tailor. His father moved to Rostov with the family when Yevno was five and opened a drapery but barely made enough money to get his children through school. After lea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sergei Zubatov
Sergei Vasilyevich Zubatov ( rus, Серге́й Васи́льевич Зуба́тов, p=zʊˈbatəf; March 26 ( O.S.), 1864 in Moscow – March 15 ( N.S.), 1917 in Moscow) was a famous Russian police administrator, best known as the advocate of "police socialism", which included creating legal, police-controlled trade unions. Biography Sergei Zubatov was born in Moscow, the son of a police chief. He was involved in revolutionary circles as a school boy, and was expelled at the age of 16, at his father's instigation. His father also made him marry an army officer's daughter, A. N. Mikhina, in the hope that it would keep him out of trouble. Instead, between them they ran a bookshop that became a gathering place for revolutionaries. In 1886, if not earlier, he was persuaded by N. S. Berdyaev, the head of the Moscow Okhrana, the department responsible for suppressing the revolutionary movement, to become an informant, under the threat of expulsion from Moscow. Information that he p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyotr Rachkovsky
Pyotr Ivanovich Rachkovsky (russian: Пётр Иванович Рачковский; 1853 – 1 November 1910) was chief of Okhrana, the secret service in Imperial Russia. He was based in Paris from 1885 to 1902. Activities in 1880s–1890s After the assassination of Alexander II of Russia in 1881, the government moved against various revolutionary factions operated by émigrées or hiding out in Russia. Rachkovsky's principal mission was to compromise Russia's growing revolutionary movement. The list of penetration agents hired by Rachkovsky included: * Landesen (Abraham Hackelman), among the Narodnaya Volya terrorists in France and Switzerland * Ignaty Kornfeld, among the Anarcho-Communists * Prodeus, a well-known revolutionary, reporting on various revolutionary centers * Ilya Drezhner, among the Social Democrats in Germany, Switzerland, and France * Boleslaw Malankiewicz, among the Polish anarchists and terrorists in London * Casimir Pilenas, a spotter for Scotland Yard re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Father Gapon
Georgy Apollonovich Gapon. ( –) was a Russian Orthodox priest and a popular working-class leader before the 1905 Russian Revolution. After he was discovered to be a police informant, Gapon was murdered by members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. Father Gapon was mainly remembered for leading a peaceful protest for better freedom and living conditions to which the Imperial Army responded by firing upon the crowd. Early life Georgy Apollonovich Gapon was born , in the village of Beliki, Poltava Oblast, Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. He was the oldest son of a Cossack father and mother who hailed from the local peasantry. Gapon's father, Apollon Fedorovich Gapon, had some formal education and served as an elected village elder and clerk in Beliki. His mother was illiterate but religiously devout and actively raised her son in the norms and traditions of the Russian Orthodox Church. Gapon was an excellent primary school student and was offered a place at the Lowe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacob Zhitomirsky
Jacob (Yakov) Zhitomirsky (russian: Яков Абрамович Житомирский; party alias Otsov (); Okhrana aliases Andre and Daudet) was a prominent Bolshevik best known for being a secret agent of the Okhrana. Biography He was recruited by Okhrana in 1902, while studying at the University of Berlin. Zhitomirsky was active in Berlin RSPLP group, reporting its activities to the Russian police, until 1907 when Bolsheviks were expelled from Berlin by German authorities and Zhitomirsky moved to Paris. He attended 5th RSDLP Congress in London. In 1908 he was given twenty 500-ruble notes by the people involved in the 1907 Tiflis bank robbery. Unable to exchange notes, he passed this money to the vice-director of the Russian Department of Police Vissarionov, during his visit to Paris. During World War I he served as a doctor with the Russian Expeditionary Force in France The Russian Expeditionary Force EF(french: Corps Expéditionnaire Russe en France, russian: Экс ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathieu Golovinski
Matvei Vasilyevich Golovinski (alternatively, Mathieu) (russian: Матвей Васильевич Головинский) (6 March 1865 – 1920) was a Russian-French writer, journalist and political activist. Critics studying ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' have argued that he was the author of the work. This claim is reinforced by the writings of modern Russian historian Mikhail Lepekhine, who in 1999 studied previously closed French archives stored in Moscow containing information supporting Golovinski's authorship. Back in the mid-1930s, Russian testimony in the Berne Trial had linked the head of Russian security service in Paris, Pyotr Rachkovsky, to the creation of ''The Protocols''. Life Matvei Golovinski was born into an aristocratic family in the village of Ivashevka (Ивашевка), in the Syzransky Uyezd of the Simbirsk Governorate of the Russian Empire. His father, Vasili Golovinski (Василий Головинский) was a friend of Fyodor Dostoyevsky. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secret Police
Secret police (or political police) are intelligence, security or police agencies that engage in covert operations against a government's political, religious, or social opponents and dissidents. Secret police organizations are characteristic of authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. They protect the political power of a dictator or regime and often operate outside the law to repress dissidents and weaken political opposition, frequently using violence. History Africa Uganda In Uganda, the State Research Bureau (SRB) was a secret police organisation for President Idi Amin. The Bureau tortured many Ugandans, operating on behalf of a regime responsible for more than five hundred thousand violent deaths. The SRB attempted to infiltrate every area of Ugandan life. Asia China In East Asia, the ''jinyiwei'' (Embroidered Uniform Guard) of the Ming Dynasty was founded in the 1360s by the Hongwu Emperor and served as the dynasty's secret police until the collapse of Ming ru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Police Department Of Russia
The Police Department of the MVD (russian: link=no, Департамент полиции МВД России ()) was the main Police of Russia, police force of the Russian Empire and part of the Ministry of Police of the Russian Empire, Ministry of Police in the late 19th century, and was responsible for the management of all the police forces in the Russian Empire including Okhrana branches, and was aided by the Special Corps of Gendarmes. History The Police Department was established on August 6, 1880 following the dissolution of the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, Third Section. The newly formed Police department was part of the MVD. From 1880 til 1883 it was called The Department of the State Police ("Департамент государственной полиции" ()). Under its jurisdiction was the Okhrana, all the policing bodies, including the detective branches, and the Fire departments. After the February Revolution the Department was di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia, and later the Soviet Union, became a one-party socialist state governed by the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments to the ideology are called Leninism. Born to an upper-middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye in Siberia for three years, where he married ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dmitry Bogrov
Dmitry Grigoriyevich Bogrov ( – ) () was the assassin Assassination is the murder of a prominent or important person, such as a head of state, head of government, politician, world leader, member of a royal family or CEO. The murder of a celebrity, activist, or artist, though they may not have a ... of Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin. On Bogrow was sentenced to death by hanging. He was executed on in the Kiev fortress Lyssa Hora. Stolypin's widow had campaigned in vain to spare the assassin's young life. The investigations into the background of the assassination extended over a year. Through the intervention of Nicholas II, further investigations were prohibited. According to Egor Lazarev, Bogrov claimed to have committed the assassination in revenge for the antisemitism of the Russian Empire which he personally endured. However, his true motives for the assassination remain disputed as he was both a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and an informant for th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Qajar Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Qing China. It also held colonies in North America between 1799 and 1867. Covering an area of approximately , it remains the third-largest empire in history, surpassed only by the British Empire and the Mongol Empire; it ruled over a population of 125.6 million people per the 1897 Russian census, which was the only census carried out during the entire imperial period. Owing to its geographic extent across three continents at its peak, it featured great ethnic, linguistic, religious, and economic diversity. From the 10th–17th centuries, the land ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English as the Bolshevists,. It signifies both Bolsheviks and adherents of Bolshevik policies. were a far-left, revolutionary Marxist faction founded by Vladimir Lenin that split with the Mensheviks from the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a revolutionary socialist political party formed in 1898, at its Second Party Congress in 1903. After forming their own party in 1912, the Bolsheviks took power during the October Revolution in the Russian Republic in November 1917, overthrowing the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky, and became the only ruling party in the subsequent Soviet Russia and later the Soviet Union. They considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary proletariat of Russia. Their beliefs and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
