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Nobilitas
The ''nobiles'' ( ''nobilis'') were members of a social rank in the Roman Republic indicating that one was "well known". This may have changed over time: in Cicero's time, one was notable if one descended from a person who had been elected consul. In earlier periods and more broadly, this may have included a larger group consisting of those who were patricians, were descended from patricians who had become plebeians via '' transitio ad plebem'', or were descended from plebeians who had held curule offices. History The ''nobiles'' emerged after the Conflict of the Orders established legal equality between patricians and plebeians, allowing plebeians to hold all the magistracies; the state of being "known" was connected to the ''nobiless rights to funeral masks ( la, imagines) and actors in aristocratic funeral processions. However, the term is largely unattested to in the middle Republic, having been introduced in the late Republic as a description rather than a status. Earning suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plebeians
In ancient Rome, the plebeians (also called plebs) were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words " commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Etymology The precise origins of the group and the term are unclear, but may be related to the Greek, ''plēthos'', meaning masses. In Latin, the word is a singular collective noun, and its genitive is . Plebeians were not a monolithic social class. Those who resided in the city and were part of the four urban tribes are sometimes called the , while those who lived in the country and were part of the 31 smaller rural tribes are sometimes differentiated by using the label . (List of Roman tribes) In ancient Rome In the annalistic tradition of Livy and Dionysius, the distinction between patricians and plebeians was as old as Rome itself, instituted by Romulus' appointment of the first hundred senators, whose descendants became the patriciate. Modern hypotheses date ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conflict Of The Orders
The Conflict of the Orders, sometimes referred to as the Struggle of the Orders, was a political struggle between the plebeians (commoners) and patricians (aristocrats) of the ancient Roman Republic lasting from 500 BC to 287 BC in which the plebeians sought political equality with the patricians. It played a major role in the development of the Constitution of the Roman Republic. Shortly after the founding of the Republic, this conflict led to a secession from Rome by Plebeians to the Sacred Mount at a time of war. The result of this first secession was the creation of the office of plebeian tribune, and with it the first acquisition of real power by the plebeians. At first, only patricians were allowed to stand for election to political office, but over time these laws were revoked, and eventually all offices were opened to the plebeians. Since most individuals who were elected to political office were given membership in the Roman Senate, this development helped to transform th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic ( la, Res publica Romana ) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire, Rome's control rapidly expanded during this period—from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world. Roman society under the Republic was primarily a cultural mix of Latin and Etruscan societies, as well as of Sabine, Oscan, and Greek cultural elements, which is especially visible in the Roman Pantheon. Its political organization developed, at around the same time as direct democracy in Ancient Greece, with collective and annual magistracies, overseen by a senate. The top magistrates were the two consuls, who had an extensive range of executive, legislative, judicial, military, and religious powers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitutional Reforms Of Sulla
The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their Italian allies, victorious mostly due to their immediate concession on the Italians' war goal of gaining Roman citizenship. Sulla's dictatorship followed more domestic unrest after the war and was a culmination in this trend for violence, with his leading an army on Rome for the second time in a decade and purging his opponents from the body politic in bloody proscriptions. In the aftermath of Sulla's civil war and a decade of internecine conflict following the Social War, the republic had collapsed. Sulla attempted to resolve this crisis by embarking on a large reform programme inaugurati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fergus Millar
Sir Fergus Graham Burtholme Millar, (; 5 July 1935 – 15 July 2019) was a British ancient historian and academic. He was Camden Professor of Ancient History at the University of Oxford between 1984 and 2002. He numbers among the most influential ancient historians of the 20th century. Early life Millar was educated at Trinity College, Oxford (BA) and fulfilled his National service in the aftermath of World War II. At Oxford he studied Philosophy and Ancient History, and received his Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree there in 1962. In 1958, he was awarded a Prize Fellowship to All Souls College, Oxford, which he held until 1964. In 1959 he married Susanna Friedmann, with whom he had three children. Academic career Millar began his academic career as a fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, from 1964 to 1976. He then moved to University College London where he was Professor of Ancient History between 1976 and 1984. From 1984 until his retirement in 2002, he was Camden Profess ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matthias Gelzer
Matthias Gelzer (19 December 1886, Liestal – 23 July 1974, Frankfurt am Main) was a Swiss-German classical historian, known for his studies of the Roman Republic in regard to its politics and society. He was the author of highly regarded biographies on Julius Caesar, Pompey and Cicero. He studied history and classical philology at the universities of Basel and Leipzig, where in 1909 he received his doctorate as a student of Ulrich Wilcken. In 1912 he obtained his habilitation at the University of Freiburg with a thesis on the nobility of the Roman Republic. In 1915 he became a professor of ancient history at the University of Greifswald, and in 1918 relocated as a professor to the University of Strasbourg. From 1919 to 1955 he was a professor of ancient history at the University of Frankfurt am Main, where he served as its rector Rector (Latin for the member of a vessel's crew who steers) may refer to: Style or title *Rector (ecclesiastical), a cleric who functions as an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Klaus Bringmann
Klaus Bringmann (28 May 1936, in Bad Wildungen - 14 July 2021Uwe Walter, ''Sinn fürs Wesentliche - Zum Tod von Klaus Bringmann'', In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung vom 19. Juli 2021) was a German historian, an author of books on Roman history, and a professor of antiquity. Biography Bringmann studied from 1956 to 1962 history, classical philology and philosophy at the Universities of Marburg and Munich. He received his doctorate in 1962 at the University of Marburg in 1969 and became a professor at the University of Marburg with investigations into the late Cicero. Since 1971, Bringmann taught Classics at the Philipps-University Marburg, and from 1973 ancient history at the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt. Bringmann has three sons and has been married since 1965. Since 1988 until his retirement in 2000 he taught as emeritus professor of Ancient History at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt where he held a chair of ancient history. In 1987/88 and 1993/94 he was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jochen Bleicken
Jochen Bleicken (3 September 1926 in Westerland, Sylt – 24 February 2005 in Hamburg) was a German professor of ancient history. Biography The son of a salesman, Bleicken studied from 1948 to 1954 history and classical philology at the universities of Kiel and Frankfurt. He wrote his doctorate at the chair of Alfred Heuß at Kiel in 1954 and after his habilitation in 1962 became a professor of history in Hamburg, Frankfurt and from 1977 in Göttingen. He retired in 1991 but gave lectures until 1999. His focus was on the history of the Roman republic and the Principate, where his works gained importance like the structure of the Roman republic and a biography of Augustus. From 1978 he was member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. Bibliography * ''Das Volkstribunat der klassischen Republik: Studien zu seiner Entwicklung zwischen 287 und 133 v. Chr.'' Beck, München 1955. 2. Aufl. 1968. (Zetemata, 13) * ''Senatsgericht und Kaisergericht: eine Studie zur Entwicklung des Pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uwe Walter
Uwe Walter (born 23 October 1962 in Rotenburg an der Fulda) is a German ancient historian. Walter studied history, Latin and Greek at Göttingen und Erlangen from 1983. In 1992 he received a doctorate from Göttingen with a work on citizen rights in Archaic Greece. He subsequently completed a teaching certificate and was employed until 1997 in the school system. In that year he was appointed as a senior instructor in the faculty of the department of ancient history at the Institute for Ancient World Studies at the University of Cologne. In 2001 he received a research grant from the Gerda Henkel Foundation and he was habilitated in 2003 at Colonge with a work on the Historical culture of the Roman Republic. In 2004 he was appointed Professor of General History with special consideration of ancient history at Bielefeld University. He refused appointments at Mainz University (2009) and Göttingen University (2010). Walter mainly focusses on Greek history in the archaic and classical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hans Beck
Hans Beck (6 May 1929, Greiz – 30 January 2009, Markdorf) was the German inventor of Playmobil toys. He is often described as "The Father of Playmobil". He began to make toys at an early age and trained as a cabinet maker, before being recruited by toy company Geobra Brandstätter in 1958. Beck is responsible for developing the Playmobil figure, which, in 1971, was distinctive from existing toy figures by its movable parts. The Playmobil toy line was launched in 1974 and in 1975 became a global success. Early years Born in Greiz, Thuringia, Beck grew up in the small town of Zirndorf, which had a history of toy manufacture. While he was still at an early age, his parents got divorced and remarried. As a result, Beck and his sister had eight half-brothers and half-sisters. He recalled, "When I was about 10, I started making toys for them", including, "little cars and trucks, little figures, dolls, some furniture for the dolls", but he didn't imagine becoming a toy designer. At ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cursus Honorum
The ''cursus honorum'' (; , or more colloquially 'ladder of offices') was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in the Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire. It was designed for men of senatorial rank. The ''cursus honorum'' comprised a mixture of military and political administration posts; the ultimate prize for winning election to each "rung" in the sequence was to become one of the two ''consuls'' in a given year. Each office had a minimum age for election; there were also minimum intervals between holding successive offices and laws forbade repeating an office. These rules were altered and flagrantly ignored in the course of the last century of the Republic. For example, Gaius Marius held consulships for five years in a row between 104 BC and 100 BC. He was consul seven times in all, also serving in 107 and 86. Officially presented as opportunities for public service, the offices often became mere opportunities for self-aggrandizement. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acilia Gens
The gens Acilia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome, that flourished from the middle of the third century BC until at least the fifth century AD, a period of seven hundred years. The first of the gens to achieve prominence was Gaius Acilius, who was quaestor in 203 and tribune of the plebs in 197 BC.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, p. 13 ("Acilia Gens"). Praenomina The Acilii were particularly fond of the praenomen '' Manius'', which they used more than any other. They also used the names ''Gaius, Lucius, Caeso'', and '' Marcus''. Branches and cognomina The three main branches of the Acilii bore the cognomina ''Aviola, Balbus'', and ''Glabrio''. The Glabriones were the first family to appear in history, and they continued the longest. Members of this family have been identified from the third century BC into the fifth century AD, a span of time that no other Roman family can be proved to have bridged. According to Millar, " e one indubit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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