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Nitrofuran
Nitrofurans are a class of drugs typically used as antibiotics or antimicrobials. The defining structural component is a furan ring with a nitro group. Drugs Members of this class of drugs include: * Antibacterials (antibiotics) ** Difurazone (also known as Nitrovin) — an antibacterial growth promoter used in the animal feeds ** Furazolidone ** Nifurfoline ** Nifuroxazide ** Nifurquinazol ** Nifurtoinol ** Nifurzide ** Nitrofural (also known as nitrofurazone) ** Nitrofurantoin — a drug used to treat urinary tract infections ** Ranbezolid — technically an oxazolidinone antibiotic bearing a nitrofuran group * Antimicrobials ** Furaltadone — an antiprotozoal ** Furazidine — an antibacterial and antiprotozoal *** Furaginum — an antibacterial ** Furylfuramide — a formerly used food preservative ** Nifuratel — an antiprotozoal and antifungal ** Nifurtimox Nifurtimox, sold under the brand name Lampit, is a medication used to treat Chagas disease and sleeping s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin is an antibacterial medication used to treat urinary tract infections, but it is not as effective for kidney infections. It is taken by mouth. Common side effects include nausea, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and headaches. Rarely numbness, lung problems, or liver problems may occur. It should not be used in people with kidney problems. While it appears to be generally safe during pregnancy it should not be used near delivery. While it usually works by slowing bacterial growth, it may result in bacterial death at the high concentrations found in urine. Nitrofurantoin was first sold in 1953. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 167th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions. Medical uses Current uses include the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and prophylaxis against UTIs in people prone to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Furazolidone
Furazolidone is a nitrofuran antibacterial agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). It is marketed by Roberts Laboratories under the brand name Furoxone and by GlaxoSmithKline as Dependal-M. Medical uses Furazolidone has been used in human and veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity being active against * Gram positive ** ''Clostridium perfringens'' ** '' Corynebacterium pyogenes'' ** Streptococci ** Staphylococci * Gram negative ** ''Escherichia coli'' ** '' Salmonella dublin'' ** ''Salmonella typhimurium'' ** ''Shigella'' * Protozoa ** ''Giardia lamblia'' ** ''Eimeria'' species ** ''Histomonas meleagridis'' Use in humans In humans it has been used to treat diarrhoea and enteritis caused by bacteria or protozoan infections, including traveler's diarrhoea, cholera and bacteremic salmonellosis. Use in treating ''Helicobacter pylori'' infections has also been proposed. Furazolidone has also been used for giardiasis (due to ''Giardia lamblia''), amoebiasis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrofural
Nitrofurazone (INN, trade name Furacin) is an antimicrobial organic compound belonging to the nitrofuran class. It is most commonly used as a topical antibiotic ointment. It is effective against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and can be used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis. Its use in medicine has become less frequent, as safer and more effective products have become available. Nitrofurazone is listed under California Prop 65, and has demonstrated clear evidence to be mutagenic and carcinogenic during animal studies, and has been discontinued for human use in the USA. The substance is pale yellow and crystalline. It was once widely used as an antibiotic for livestock. Medical uses Human use Nitrofurazone was previously available as a prescription in the U.S., and was indicated as a topical solution, topical cream, or topical ointment for the treatment of bacterial skin infections, wounds, burns, and ulcers. It was also used as a prophylactic meas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nifurquinazol
Nifurquinazol (NF-1088) is an antibacterial agent of the nitrofuran Nitrofurans are a class of drugs typically used as antibiotics or antimicrobials. The defining structural component is a furan ring with a nitro group. Drugs Members of this class of drugs include: * Antibacterials (antibiotics) ** Difurazone ... class. It was never marketed. Synthesis Treatment of the amide from 5-nitrofuroic acid with phosphorus oxychloride leads to the corresponding nitrile (2). This intermediate is then converted to the iminoether (3) with ethanolic hydrogen chloride. Condensation of anthranilic acid with the iminoether in the presence of sodium methoxide represents another method for preparing quinazolones. The reaction can be visualized as proceeding through the formation of the amidine from addition-elimination of anthranilic acid; cyclization then affords the observed product (4). The amide function is then converted to the iminochloride with phosphorus oxychloride. Displacement of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nifurtoinol
Nifurtoinol (rINN, trade name Urfadyn) is a nitrofuran-derivative antibiotic used in the treatment of urinary tract infection A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects part of the urinary tract. When it affects the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder infection (cystitis) and when it affects the upper urinary tract it is known as a kidne ...s. It is also known as "hydroxymethylnitrofurantoin". References Hydantoins Nitrofurans Hydrazones {{antibiotic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Furylfuramide
Furylfuramide (also known as AF-2) is a synthetic nitrofuran derivative which was widely used as a food preservative in Japan since at least 1965, but withdrawn from the market in 1974 when it was observed to be mutagenic to bacteria ''in vitro'' and thus suspected of carcinogenicity. This was confirmed later when animal testing found it to cause benign and malignant tumors in the mammary glands, stomachs, esophagi, and lungs of rodents of both sex Sex is the trait that determines whether a sexually reproducing animal or plant produces male or female gametes. Male plants and animals produce smaller mobile gametes (spermatozoa, sperm, pollen), while females produce larger ones ( ova, of ...es, although insufficient evidence exists in human exposure. This successful use of bacterial mutagenicity as a screen for carcinogenicity confirmed the use of this methodology as a rapid and efficient test, in comparison to animal testing alone, and led to its further development. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nifuroxazide
Nifuroxazide (INN) is an oral nitrofuran antibiotic, patented since 1966 and used to treat colitis and diarrhea in humans and non-humans. It is sold under the brand names Ambatrol, Antinal, Bacifurane, Diafuryl (Turkey), Benol (Pakistan), Pérabacticel (France), Antinal, Diax (Egypt), Nifrozid, Ercefuryl (Romania, Czech Republic, Russia), Erfuzide (Thailand), Endiex (Slovakia), Enterofuryl (Russia), Pentofuryl (Germany), Nifuroksazyd Hasco, Nifuroksazyd Polpharma (Poland), Topron, Enterovid (Latin America), Eskapar (Mexico), Enterocolin, Terracolin (Bolivia), Apazid (Morocco), Nifroxid (Tunisia), Nifural (Indonesia) and Septidiaryl. It is sold in capsule form and also as a suspension. History Maurice Claude Ernest Carron patented the drug in the United States in 1966. Subsequent patents issued to Germano Cagliero of Marxer S.p.A. describe the use of nifuroxazide as an antibiotic used to treat livestock. Effectiveness in humans In 1997, in an Ivory Coast promotional leaflet, Glaxo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nifurzide
Nifurzide is a nitrofuran derivative and intestinal anti-infectious agent active against ''Escherichia coli ''Escherichia coli'' (),Wells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow ngland Pearson Education Ltd. also known as ''E. coli'' (), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus '' Esc ...''. References Thiophenes Hydrazides Nitrofurans {{gastrointestinal-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nifurtimox
Nifurtimox, sold under the brand name Lampit, is a medication used to treat Chagas disease and sleeping sickness. For sleeping sickness it is used together with eflornithine in nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment. In Chagas disease it is a second-line option to benznidazole. It is given by mouth. Common side effects include abdominal pain, headache, nausea, and weight loss. There are concerns from animal studies that it may increase the risk of cancer but these concerns have not been found in human trials. Nifurtimox is not recommended in pregnancy or in those with significant kidney or liver problems. It is a type of nitrofuran. Nifurtimox came into medication use in 1965. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is not available commercially in Canada. It was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2020. In regions of the world where the disease is common nifurtimox is provided for free by the World Health Organizatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitro Group
In organic chemistry, nitro compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups (). The nitro group is one of the most common explosophores (functional group that makes a compound explosive) used globally. The nitro group is also strongly electron-withdrawing. Because of this property, bonds alpha (adjacent) to the nitro group can be acidic. For similar reasons, the presence of nitro groups in aromatic compounds retards electrophilic aromatic substitution but facilitates nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Nitro groups are rarely found in nature. They are almost invariably produced by nitration reactions starting with nitric acid. Synthesis Preparation of aromatic nitro compounds Aromatic nitro compounds are typically synthesized by nitration. Nitration is achieved using a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, which produce the nitronium ion (), which is the electrophile: + The nitration product produced on the la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-Oxazolidone
2-Oxazolidone is a heterocyclic organic compound containing both nitrogen and oxygen in a 5-membered ring. Oxazolidinones Evans auxiliaries Oxazolidinones are a class of compounds containing 2-oxazolidone in the structure. In chemistry, they are useful as Evans auxiliaries, which are used for chiral synthesis. Usually, the acid chloride substrate reacts with the oxazolidinone to form an imide. Substituents at the 4 and 5 position of the oxazolidinone direct any aldol reaction to the alpha position of the carbonyl of the substrate. Pharmaceuticals Oxazolidinones are mainly used as antimicrobials. The antibacterial effect of oxazolidinones is by working as protein synthesis inhibitors, targeting an early step involving the binding of N-formylmethionyl-tRNA to the ribosome. (See Linezolid#Pharmacodynamics) Some of the most important oxazolidinones are antibiotics. Examples of antibiotic oxazolidinones include: *Linezolid (Zyvox), which is available for intravenous administration ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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