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National Income Policy Agreement
Finnish national income policy agreements or comprehensive income policy agreements (, often called ''tupo''; ) are tripartite agreements between Finnish trade unions, employers' organizations, and the Finnish government. They are policy documents covering a wide range of economic and political issues, such as salaries, taxation, pensions, unemployment benefits, and housing costs. They represent collective bargaining taken to its logical maximum, reaching virtually all wage-earners. Their enforcement is made easier by the universal validity of collective labour agreements. However, they are voluntary agreements and are not considered government legislation, i.e. they do not represent central planning of the economy. In national income policy agreements, the government and the employees' and employers' organizations attempt to reach a common understanding of the best choices for the national economy in terms of economic growth and real wages. The basic conundrum is simple: employee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tripartism
Tripartism is an economic system of neo-corporatism based on a mixed economy and tripartite contracts between employers' organizations, trade unions, and the government of a country. Each is to act as a social partner to create economic policy through cooperation, consultation, negotiation, and compromise. In Tripartism, the government has a large role in the economy and engages in negotiations between labor unions and business interest groups to establish economic policy. Tripartism became a popular form of economic policy during the economic crisis of the 1930s. Tripartism was supported by a number of different political movements at this time, including: Catholic social teaching, fascism, and democratic political movements. Tripartism is a prominent economic policy in Europe, particularly where Christian Democratic parties influenced by Catholic social teaching have held power; it is a core part of the Nordic model seen in the economic systems of Scandinavia and the Benel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keijo Liinamaa
Keijo Antero Liinamaa (6 April 1929 in Mänttä – 28 June 1980 in Helsinki) was a Finnish lawyer and politician who served as caretaker Prime Minister of Finland from June to November 1975. Liinamaa, a lawyer specialising in labour law, began his career working for the Finnish Central Union of Trade Unions ( SAK). In 1958, at only age 29, he became the town manager of Mänttä, an industrial municipality in Western Finland. Upon the creation of a nationwide labour dispute conciliation mechanism in the early 1960s, Liinamaa was appointed a regional labour dispute conciliator. In 1965 he became the National Labour Dispute Conciliator and held the post in 1965–1970 and 1979–1980. In 1965–1967 due to turbulent economic winds, Liinamaa was faced with conciling dozens of labour disputes. In his capacity as the National Conciliator of Finland, he was able to prevent several major strikes. In 1967 Liinamaa was given a special task by Prime Minister Rafael Paasio: L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labor Law
Labour laws (also known as labor laws or employment laws) are those that mediate the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions, and the government. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer, and union. Individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work also through the contract for work. are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work. Government agencies (such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforclabour law(legislature, regulatory, or judicial). History Following the unification of the city-states in Assyria and Sumer by Sargon of Akkad into a single empire ruled from his home city circa 2334 BC, common Mesopotamian standards for length, area, volume, weight, and time used by artisan guilds in each city was promulgated by Naram-Sin of Akkad (c. 2254–2218 BC), Sargo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incomes Policy
Incomes policies in economics are economy-wide wage and price controls, most commonly instituted as a response to inflation, and usually seeking to establish wages and prices below free market level. Incomes policies have often been resorted to during wartime. During the French Revolution, "The Law of the Maximum" imposed price controls (by penalty of death) in an unsuccessful attempt to curb inflation, and such measures were also attempted after World War II. Peacetime income policies were resorted to in the U.S. in August 1971 as a response to inflation. The wage and price controls were effective initially but were made less restrictive in January 1973, and later removed when they seemed to be having no effect on curbing inflation. Incomes policies were successful in the United Kingdom during World War II but less successful in the post-war era. Theory Incomes policies vary from "voluntary" wage and price guidelines to mandatory controls like price/wage freezes. One var ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collective Bargaining
Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers' compensation and rights for workers. The interests of the employees are commonly presented by representatives of a trade union to which the employees belong. The collective agreements reached by these negotiations usually set out wage scales, working hours, training, health and safety, overtime, grievance mechanisms, and rights to participate in workplace or company affairs. The union may negotiate with a single employer (who is typically representing a company's shareholders) or may negotiate with a group of businesses, depending on the country, to reach an industry-wide agreement. A collective agreement functions as a labour contract between an employer and one or more unions. Collective bargaining consists of the process of negotiation between representatives of a union and em ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betrothal Of January
The Betrothal of January (, ) was a declaration given by the that recognized the trade unions and their central organization the Finnish Federation of Trade Unions (SAK) as parties in collective bargaining on questions of industrial relations. The two sides agreed that they would start trying to reach a common understanding for further negotiation. The declaration was read on the evening news bulletin of the public service radio Yle on 23 January 1940 and published in newspapers the following day. Until then, only printers had collective agreements on their working conditions. The Betrothal agreement was part of the so-called Spirit of the Winter War and eventually the national income policy agreement. In February 2017, the Confederation of Finnish Industries (the successor of the Association of Finnish Industries) announced that it would withdraw from the 22 existing agreements and no longer participate in any negotiations for tripartite Tripartite means composed of or split i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Niilo Wälläri
Niilo Frans Wälläri (6 July 1897 – 25 August 1967) was a Finnish socialist, syndicalist politician. Wälläri led the Finnish Seamen's Union from 1938 until his death. In 1913 Wälläri left Finland to become seaman. In 1916, he settled in the United States and joined the Industrial Workers of the World. Because of his political activities, Wälläri was deported back to Finland in 1920. Wälläri became active in the underground Communist Party of Finland (SKP) and the public Socialist Workers' Party of Finland (SSTP). Wälläri was chairman of SSTP in 1922–1923 and he was jailed at the Tammisaari prison camp when the party was disbanded. In the late 1920s Wälläri became frustrated with communists. This eventually led to a split in 1929. Wälläri was one of the main organisers behind the short-lived Left Group of Finnish Workers. Wälläri joined the Social Democratic Party of Finland in 1935. Social Democratic Association of Transport Workers was his stronghold. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Export Subsidy
Export subsidy is a government policy to encourage export of goods and discourage sale of goods on the domestic market through direct payments, low-cost loans, tax relief for exporters, or government-financed international advertising. An export subsidy reduces the price paid by foreign importers, which means domestic consumers pay more than foreign consumers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) prohibits most subsidies directly linked to the volume of exports, except for LDCs. Incentives are given by the government of a country to exporters to encourage export of goods. Export subsidies are also generated when internal price supports, as in a guaranteed minimum price for a commodity, create more production than can be consumed internally in the country. (These price supports are often coupled with import tariffs, which keeps the domestic price high by discouraging or taxing imports on the difference between the world price and the mandatory minimum.) Instead of letting the commod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Globalization
Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. The term ''globalization'' first appeared in the early 20th century (supplanting an earlier French term ''mondialization''), developed its current meaning some time in the second half of the 20th century, and came into popular use in the 1990s to describe the unprecedented international connectivity of the post-Cold War world. Its origins can be traced back to 18th and 19th centuries due to advances in transportation and communications technology. This increase in global interactions has caused a growth in international trade and the exchange of ideas, beliefs, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of interaction and integration that is associated with social and cultural aspects. However, disputes and international diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalizat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Confederation Of Finnish Industries
The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, fi, Elinkeinoelämän Keskusliitto, sv, Finlands Näringsliv) is the largest employers' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers' associations ''Palvelutyönantajat'' (Employers of the Service Sector) and ''Teollisuuden ja Työnantajain Keskusliitto'' (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached. EK focuses its activity on the following goals: * A business environment which stimulates growth and success for companies * Securing the competitiveness of Finnish work * Ways to benefit from the opportunities offered by globalisation * Economic policies promoting competitiveness * Efficient member services The organisation consist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
