|
Muscular Judaism
Muscular Judaism (german: Muskeljudentum) is a term coined by Max Nordau in his speech at the Second Zionist Congress held in Basel on August 28, 1898. In his speech, he spoke about the need to design the " new Jew" and reject the " old Jew", with the mental and physical strength to achieve the goals of Zionism. Nordau saw Muscular Judaism as an answer to ''Judennot'' (" Jewish distress"). History The term refers to the cultivation of mental and physical properties, such as mental and physical strengths, agility and discipline, which all will be necessary for the national revival of the Jewish people. The characteristics of the muscular Jews are the exact opposite, an antithesis, of the Diaspora Jew, especially in Eastern Europe, as shown in the anti-Semitic literature and in the Haskalah movement's literature. Nordau saw the promotion of muscular, athletic Jews as a counterpoint to such depictions of Jews as a weak people. In addition, the "muscular" Jew is the opposite of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Max Nordau
Max Simon Nordau (born ''Simon Maximilian Südfeld''; 29 July 1849 – 23 January 1923) was a Zionist leader, physician, author, and social critic. He was a co-founder of the Zionist Organization together with Theodor Herzl, and president or vice-president of several Zionist congresses. As a social critic, he wrote ''The Conventional Lies of Our Civilisation'' (1883), '' Degeneration'' (1892), and ''Paradoxes'' (1896). Although not his most popular or successful work whilst alive, ''Degeneration'' is the book most often remembered and cited today. Biography Simon (Simcha) Maximilian Südfeld (later Max Nordau) was born in Pest, Kingdom of Hungary, then part of the Austrian Empire. His father, Gabriel Südfeld, was a rabbi, but earned his livelihood as a Hebrew tutor. As an Orthodox Jew, Nordau attended a Jewish elementary school and earned a medical degree from the University of Pest in 1872. He then traveled for six years, visiting the principal countries of Europe. He changed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haskalah
The ''Haskalah'', often termed Jewish Enlightenment ( he, השכלה; literally, "wisdom", "erudition" or "education"), was an intellectual movement among the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe, with a certain influence on those in Western Europe and the Muslim world. It arose as a defined ideological worldview during the 1770s, and its last stage ended around 1881, with the rise of Jewish nationalism. The ''Haskalah'' pursued two complementary aims. It sought to preserve the Jews as a separate, unique collective, and it pursued a set of projects of cultural and moral renewal, including a revival of Hebrew for use in secular life, which resulted in an increase in Hebrew found in print. Concurrently, it strove for an optimal integration in surrounding societies. Practitioners promoted the study of exogenous culture, style, and vernacular, and the adoption of modern values. At the same time, economic production, and the taking up of new occupations was pursued. The ''Haskalah'' pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maccabi Youth Movement
The "Maccabi youth movement" (, ''HaMaccabi HaTza'ir'') is a Zionist youth movement established during the international convention of the Maccabi organization in Prague, Czech Republic in 1929. As the Maccabi movement is involved with promoting physical activity and sports among the Jewish people, the Maccabi youth movement was designated to focus on the physical education of the young generation. The main values that characterize the movement are Zionism, leadership, good citizenship, friendship among members, persistence and most and for all supporting the community on a self-fulfillment basis. The Young Maccabi puts an educational effort in helping youth from all around the country to gain better manners and values on the on hand thus contributing to the community on an voluntary spirit in a wide range of services. Its uniform includes shirts and pants in bright brown colors, signifying equality and simplicity as well as diversity. The blue folded tie with the 3 white strip ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simon Bar Kokhba
Simon ben Koseba or Cosiba ( he, שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כֹסֵבָא, translit= Šīmʾōn bar Ḵōsēḇaʾ ; died 135 CE), commonly known as Bar Kokhba ( he, שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כּוֹכְבָא, translit=Šīmʾōn bar Kōḵḇāʾ ), was a Jewish military leader who led the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE. The revolt established a three-year-long independent Jewish state in which Bar Kokhba ruled as ''nasi'' ("prince"). Some of the rabbinic scholars in his time imagined him to be the long-expected Messiah. Bar Kokhba fell in the fortified town of Betar. Name Documented name Documents discovered in the 20th century in the Cave of Letters give his original name, with variations: Simeon bar Kosevah (), Bar Kosevaʾ () or Ben Kosevaʾ (). It is probable that his original name was Bar Koseba. The name may indicate that his father or his place of origin was named Koseva(h), with Khirbet Kuwayzibah being a likely nominee for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Star Of David
The Star of David (). is a generally recognized symbol of both Jewish identity and Judaism. Its shape is that of a hexagram: the compound of two equilateral triangles. A derivation of the ''seal of Solomon'', which was used for decorative and mystical purposes by Muslims and Kabbalah, Kabbalistic Jews, its adoption as a distinctive symbol for the Jews, Jewish people and their religion dates back to 17th-century Prague. In the 19th century, the symbol began to be widely used among the History of the Jews in Europe, Jewish communities of Eastern Europe, ultimately coming to be used to represent Jewish identity or religious beliefs."The Flag and the Emblem" (MFA). It became representative of Zionism after it was Flag of Israel#Origin of the flag, chosen as the central symbol for a Jewish national flag at the First Zionist Congress in 1897. By the end of World War I, it had become an internationally accepted symbol for the Jewish people, being used on the gravestones of fallen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hebrew Language
Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved throughout history as the main liturgical language of Judaism (since the Second Temple period) and Samaritanism. Hebrew is the only Canaanite language still spoken today, and serves as the only truly successful example of a dead language that has been revived. It is also one of only two Northwest Semitic languages still in use, with the other being Aramaic. The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date back to the 10th century BCE. Nearly all of the Hebrew Bible is written in Biblical Hebrew, with much of its present form in the dialect that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, during the time of the Babylonian captivity. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as '' Lashon Hakodesh'' (, ) since an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franklin Foer
Franklin Foer (; born July 20, 1974) is a staff writer at ''The Atlantic'' and former editor of ''The New Republic'', commenting on contemporary issues from a liberal perspective. Personal life Foer was born in 1974 to a Jewish family. He is the son of Albert Foer, a lawyer, and Esther Safran Foer. He is the elder brother of novelist Jonathan Safran Foer and freelance journalist Joshua Foer. He graduated from Columbia University in 1996 and lives in Washington, D.C. with his wife and two daughters. Career Foer has written for ''Slate'' and ''New York'' magazine. He served as editor of American magazine ''The New Republic'' from 2006 until 2010, when he resigned—by his subsequent account, because of exhaustion over an interminable search for a patron who could save the magazine. He then became editor again in 2012, recruited by new patron Chris Hughes. His book ''How Soccer Explains the World'' was published in 2004. The book ''Jewish Jocks'', which he co-edited with ''New ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Association Football
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch. The objective of the game is to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Traditionally, the game has been played over two 45 minute halves, for a total match time of 90 minutes. With an estimated 250 million players active in over 200 countries, it is considered the world's most popular sport. The game of association football is played in accordance with the Laws of the Game, a set of rules that has been in effect since 1863 with the International Football Association Board (IFAB) maintaining them since 1886. The game is played with a football that is in circumference. The two teams compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sports Club
A sports club or sporting club, sometimes an athletics club or sports society or sports association, is a group of people formed for the purpose of playing sports. Sports clubs range from organisations whose members play together, unpaid, and may play other similar clubs on occasion, watched mostly by family and friends, to large commercial organisations with professional players which have teams that regularly compete against those of other clubs and attract sometimes very large crowds of paying spectators. Clubs may be dedicated to a single sport or to several (multi-sport clubs). The term ''athletics club'' is sometimes used for a general sports club, rather than one dedicated to athletics proper. Organization Larger sports clubs are characterized by having professional and amateur departments in various sports such as bike polo, football, basketball, futsal, cricket, volleyball, handball, rink hockey, bowling, water polo, rugby, track and field athletics, boxing, bas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hakoah Vienna
SC Hakoah Vienna (german: Sport Club Hakoah Wien; ' means "the strength" in Hebrew) is a Jewish sports club in Vienna, Austria. Prior to World War II, it produced several Olympic athletes and was notable for fielding an entirely Jewish association football team with players drawn from across Europe. Closed by the Nazis in 1938 following the ', it re-formed in 1945, though its football team was disbanded in 1949. History 1909–1919 A pair of Austrian Zionists, cabaret librettist (') Fritz "Beda" Löhner and dentist Ignaz Herman Körner as well as some others founded the club in 1909. Influenced by Max Nordau's doctrine of "Muscular Judaism" (german: Muskeljudentum), they named the club "Hakoah" ( he, הכח), meaning "the strength" or "the power" in Hebrew. In its first year, the club's athletes competed in fencing, football, field hockey, track & field, wrestling and swimming. Hakoah Vienna was one of the first football teams to market themselves globally by travelling frequen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austrian Jews
The history of the Jews in Austria probably begins with the Jewish diaspora, exodus of Jews from History of ancient Israel and Judah#Roman occupation, Judea under Roman occupation. Over the course of many centuries, the political status of the community rose and fell many times: during certain periods, the Jewish community prospered and enjoyed political equality, and during other periods it suffered pogroms, deportations to concentration camps and mass murder, and antisemitism. The Holocaust drastically reduced the Jewish community in Austria and only 8,140 Jews remained in Austria according to the 2001 census, though other estimates place the current figure at 9,000, 15,000, or 20,000 people, if accounting for those of mixed descent. Antiquity Jews have been in Austria since at least the 3rd century CE. In 2008 a team of archeologists discovered a third-century CE amulet in the form of a gold scroll with the words of the Jewish prayer Shema Yisrael (Hear, O Israel! The Lord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austria At The Olympics
Austria has competed at all of the modern Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1920 Summer Olympics, from which it was barred because of its involvement with the Central Powers in World War I. Austria has won more medals in alpine skiing than any other nation in the world. The National Olympic Committee for Austria is the Austrian Olympic Committee, and was created in 1908 and recognized in 1912. Hosted Games Innsbruck is the only city in Austria that has hosted the games. It has done so on two occasions, both in winter. Medal tables :''*Red border colour indicates hosted tournaments.'' Medals by Summer Games Medals by Winter Games Medals by summer sport Medals by winter sport List of medalists Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Summary by sport Aquatics Swimming Austria first competed in swimming at the inaugural 1896 Games, with two swimmers competing in the three international events winning a gold and a silver medal. That gold rem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
