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Multihoming
Multihoming is the practice of connecting a host or a computer network to more than one network. This can be done in order to increase reliability or performance. A typical host or end-user network is connected to just one network. Connecting to multiple networks can increase reliability because if one connection fails, packets can still be routed through the remaining connection. Connecting to multiple networks can also improve performance because data can be transmitted and received through the multiple connections simultaneously multiplying throughput and, depending on the destination, it may be more efficient to route through one network or the other. Variants There are several different ways to perform multihoming. Host multihoming A single host may be connected to multiple networks. For example, a mobile phone might be simultaneously connected to a WiFi network and a 3G network, and a desktop computer might be connected to both a home network and a VPN. A multiho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SCTP
The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a computer networking communications protocol in the transport layer of the Internet protocol suite. Originally intended for Signaling System 7 (SS7) message transport in telecommunication, the protocol provides the message-oriented feature of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), while ensuring reliable, in-sequence transport of messages with congestion control like the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Unlike UDP and TCP, the protocol supports multihoming and redundant paths to increase resilience and reliability. SCTP is standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in . The SCTP reference implementation was released as part of FreeBSD version 7, and has since been widely ported to other platforms. Formal oversight The IETF Signaling Transport (SIGTRAN) working group defined the protocol (number 132) in October 2000, and the IETF Transport Area (TSVWG) working group maintains it. defines the protocol. provides an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Site Multihoming By IPv6 Intermediation
The Site Multihoming by IPv6 Intermediation (SHIM6) protocol is an Internet Layer defined in RFC 5533. Architecture The SHIM6 architecture defines failure detection and locator pair exploration functions. The first is used to detect outages through the path defined by the current locator pair for a communication. To achieve this, hints provided by upper protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) are used, or specific SHIM6 packet probes. The second function is used to determine valid locator pairs that could be used when an outage is detected. The ability to change locators while a communication is being held introduces security problems, so mechanisms based on applying cryptography to the address generation process (Cryptographically Generated Addresses, CGA), or on bounding the addresses to the prefixes assigned to a host through hash-based addresses were defined. These approaches are not needed for IPv4 because of the short address length (32 bits). An implementatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Source-specific Routing
Source-specific routing, also called source-address dependent routing (SADR), is a routing technique in which a routing decision is made by looking at the source address of a packet in addition to its destination address. The main application of source-specific routing is to allow a cheap form of multihoming without the need for provider-independent addresses or any cooperation from upstream ISPs. The problem In traditional ''next-hop routing'', a packet is routed according to its destination only, towards the closest router that announces a route that matches that destination. Consider a multihomed end-user network connected to two ISPs, BT&T and PacketCast; such a network will typically have two ''edge routers'', each of which is connected to one ISP. Both edge routers announce a default route, meaning that they are willing to accept packets destined for the Internet. If a packet with a source in BT&T's network is routed through PacketCast's edge router, PacketCast will as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Host Identity Protocol
The Host Identity Protocol (HIP) is a host identification technology for use on Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. The Internet has two main name spaces, IP addresses and the Domain Name System. HIP separates the end-point identifier and locator roles of IP addresses. It introduces a Host Identity (HI) name space, based on a public key security infrastructure. The Host Identity Protocol provides secure methods for IP multihoming and mobile computing. In networks that implement the Host Identity Protocol, all occurrences of IP addresses in applications are eliminated and replaced with cryptographic host identifiers. The cryptographic keys are typically, but not necessarily, self-generated. The effect of eliminating IP addresses in application and transport layers is a decoupling of the transport layer from the internetworking layer (Internet Layer) in TCP/IP.RFC 4423, ''Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Architecture'', Section 4.1 HIP was specified in the IETF HIP ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dual-homed
Dual-homed or dual-homing can refer to either an Ethernet device that has more than one network interface, for redundancy purposes, or in firewall technology, one of the firewall architectures for implementing preventive security. An example of dual-homed devices are enthusiast computing motherboards that incorporate dual Ethernet network interface cards. Usage In Ethernet LANs, dual-homing is a network topology whereby a networked device is built with more than one network interface. Each interface or port is connected to the network, but only one connection is active at a time. The other connection is activated only if the primary connection fails. Traffic is quickly rerouted to the backup connection in the event of link failure. This feature was designed to provide telecommunications grade reliability and redundancy to Ethernet networks. Multihoming is a more general category, referring to a device having more than one network connection. In firewalls Firewall dual-homing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Media-independent Handover
Media Independent Handover (MIH) is a standard being developed by IEEE 802.21 to enable the handover of IP sessions from one layer 2 access technology to another, to achieve mobility of end user devices (MIH). Importance The importance of MIH derives from the fact that a diverse range of broadband wireless access technologies is available and in course of development, including GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, Mobile-Fi and WPANs. Multimode wireless devices that incorporate more than one of these wireless interfaces require the ability to switch among them during the course of an IP session, and devices such as laptops with Ethernet and wireless interfaces need to switch similarly between wired and wireless access. Handover may be required, e.g. because a mobile device experiences a degradation in the radio signal, or because an access point experiences a heavy traffic load. Functionality The key functionality provided by MIH is communication among the various wireless layers and bet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provider Independent Address Space
A provider-independent address space (PI) is a block of IP addresses assigned by a regional Internet registry (RIR) directly to an end-user organization. The user must contract with a local Internet registry (LIR) through an Internet service provider to obtain routing of the address block within the Internet. Provider-independent addresses offer end-users the opportunity to change service providers without renumbering of their networks and to use multiple access providers in a multi-homed configuration. However, provider-independent blocks may increase the burden on global routers, as the opportunity for efficient route aggregation through Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) may not exist. IPv4 assignments One of the RIRs is RIPE NCC. The RIPE NCC can no longer assign IPv4 Provider Independent (PI) address space as it is now using the last of IPv4 address space that it holds. IPv4 address space from this last is allocated according to section 5.1 of "IPv4 Address Allocation an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol
Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) () is a "map-and-encapsulate" protocol which is developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force LISP Working Group. The basic idea behind the separation is that the Internet architecture combines two functions, routing locators (where a client is attached to the network) and identifiers (who the client is) in one number space: the IP address. LISP supports the separation of the IPv4 and IPv6 address space following a network-based map-and-encapsulate scheme (). In LISP, both identifiers and locators can be IP addresses or arbitrary elements like a set of GPS coordinates or a MAC address. Historical origin The Internet Architecture Board's October 2006 Routing and Addressing Workshop renewed interest in the design of a scalable routing and addressing architecture for the Internet. Key issues driving this renewed interest include concerns about the scalability of the routing system and the impending exhaustion of IPv4 address space. Since the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provider-independent Address Space
A provider-independent address space (PI) is a block of IP addresses assigned by a regional Internet registry (RIR) directly to an end-user organization. The user must contract with a local Internet registry (LIR) through an Internet service provider to obtain routing of the address block within the Internet. Provider-independent addresses offer end-users the opportunity to change service providers without renumbering of their networks and to use multiple access providers in a multi-homed configuration. However, provider-independent blocks may increase the burden on global routers, as the opportunity for efficient route aggregation through Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) may not exist. IPv4 assignments One of the RIRs is RIPE NCC. The RIPE NCC can no longer assign IPv4 Provider Independent (PI) address space as it is now using the last of IPv4 address space that it holds. IPv4 address space from this last is allocated according to section 5.1 of "IPv4 Address Allocation an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Identifier/Locator Network Protocol
The Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) is a network protocol that divides the two functions of network addresses, namely the identification of network endpoints, and assisting routing, by separating topological information from node identity. ILNP is backwards-compatible with existing Internet Protocol functions, and is incrementally deployable. ILNP has an architecture with two different instantiations. ILNPv4 is ILNP engineered to work as a set of IPv4 extensions, while ILNPv6 has a set of IPv6 extensions. At least three independent open-source implementations of ILNPv6 exist. University of St Andrews (Scotland) has a prototype in Linux/x86 and FreeBSD/x86, while Tsinghua U. (China) has a prototype in Linux/x86. The University of St Andrews ILNP group is led by Prof. Saleem Bhatti. Other academics involved in continuing research include Ryo Yanagida, Samuel J. Ivey and Gregor Haywood. In February 2011, the IRTF Routing Research Group (RRG) Chairs recommended that the I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
QUIC
QUIC (pronounced "quick") is a general-purpose transport layer network protocol initially designed by Jim Roskind at Google, implemented, and deployed in 2012, announced publicly in 2013 as experimentation broadened, and described at an IETF meeting. QUIC is used by more than half of all connections from the Chrome web browser to Google's servers. Microsoft Edge (a derivative of the open-source Chromium browser) and Firefox support it. Safari implements the protocol, however it is not enabled by default. Although its name was initially proposed as the acronym for "Quick UDP Internet Connections", IETF's use of the word QUIC is not an acronym; it is simply the name of the protocol. QUIC improves performance of connection-oriented web applications that are currently using TCP. It does this by establishing a number of multiplexed connections between two endpoints using User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and is designed to obsolete TCP at the transport layer for many applications, thus ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
