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Media Freedom In Armenia
Censorship in Armenia is generally non-existent, except in some limited incidents. Armenia has recorded unprecedented progress in the 2022 World Press Freedom Index, improving positions by 11 points and ranking 51st on the list. Publication also confirms absence of cases of killed journalists, citizen journalists or media assistants. History 1990s and before The process of democratization of the Soviet Union started with the policy of Glasnost, meaning openness or freedom of speech. ;1995 Constitution In 1995, a constitutional referendum approved changes to the old Soviet-era Constitution. In the 1995 Constitution, article 24 was dedicated to freedom of expression: Still, articles 44 and 45 ruled the possibility of temporary suspensions of media freedom to protect "state and public security, public order, public health and morality, and the rights, freedoms, honor, and reputation of others." There was no explicit ban of censorship. 2000s Freedom of information legislatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Censorship
Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments, private institutions and other controlling bodies. Governments and private organizations may engage in censorship. Other groups or institutions may propose and petition for censorship.https://www.aclu.org/other/what-censorship "What Is Censorship", ACLU When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of his or her own works or speech, it is referred to as '' self-censorship''. General censorship occurs in a variety of different media, including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of claimed reasons including national security, to control obscenity, pornography, and hate speech, to protect children or other vulnerable groups, to promote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitution Of Armenia
The Constitution of Armenia was adopted by a nationwide Armenian referendum on July 5, 1995. This constitution established Armenia as a democratic, sovereign, social, and constitutional state. Yerevan is defined as the state's capital. Power is vested in its citizens, who exercise it directly through the election of government representatives. Decisions related to changes in constitutional status or to an alteration of borders are subject to a vote of the citizens of Armenia exercised in a referendum. There are 117 articles in the 1995 constitution. On November 27, 2005, a nationwide constitutional referendum was held and an amended constitution was adopted. The constitution was amended again in a national referendum on December 6, 2015 that changed the political structure from a semi-presidential system to a parliamentary republic. According to the November 2005 Constitution, the President of the Republic appoints the Prime Minister based on the distribution of the seat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Censorship In Armenia
Censorship in Armenia is generally non-existent, except in some limited incidents. Armenia has recorded unprecedented progress in the 2022 World Press Freedom Index, improving positions by 11 points and ranking 51st on the list. Publication also confirms absence of cases of killed journalists, citizen journalists or media assistants. History 1990s and before The process of democratization of the Soviet Union started with the policy of Glasnost, meaning openness or freedom of speech. ;1995 Constitution In 1995, a constitutional referendum approved changes to the old Soviet-era Constitution. In the 1995 Constitution, article 24 was dedicated to freedom of expression: Still, articles 44 and 45 ruled the possibility of temporary suspensions of media freedom to protect "state and public security, public order, public health and morality, and the rights, freedoms, honor, and reputation of others." There was no explicit ban of censorship. 2000s Freedom of information legislatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Issues In Armenia
There are several social issues in Armenia including poverty, high unemployment rates, corruption, and inadequate public services. Background Following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, masses of newly unemployed people found themselves with no income. The planned economy of Armenia was predominantly based on industry and trade. Following Armenia's independence, society was suddenly forced to rebuild the economy in a national shift towards economic liberalism. While some citizens who lost their livelihoods opted to transition into agriculture.''Rural poverty in Armenia'' International Fund for Agricultural Development [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Society Foundations–Armenia
Open Society Foundations–Armenia (OSFA) ( hy, Բաց հասարակության հիմնադրամներ – Հայաստան, translit=Bats' hasarakut'yan himnadramner – Hayastan) is the Armenian branch of Open Society Foundations (OSF). Open Society Foundations–Armenia was founded in 1997 and is headquartered in Yerevan. The foundation seeks to support local partners working to promote and protect human rights, the rule of law, justice, accountability, and transparency in Armenia. History Open Society Foundations–Armenia began its operations in 1997 shortly following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. The foundation responded with supplying humanitarian aid, equipment, and technology to Armenia's schools, universities, libraries, and healthcare facilities that were struggling to adapt to the new economic pressures. To date, OSF has provided over $63 million to Armenia since 1997. Activities Between 2000 to 2005 the foundation assiste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mass Media In Armenia
The mass media in Armenia refers to mass media outlets based in Armenia. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. Armenia's press freedoms improved considerably following 2018's Velvet Revolution.Freedom Housedate=October 14, 2020 , 2020 Press Freedom report The Constitution of Armenia guarantees freedom of speech, yet media freedom remains restricted, among threats of violence, strong political inferences, and expensive defamation lawsuits. Armenia ranks 51st in the 2022 Press Freedom Index report compiled by Reporters Without Borders, leading in the South Caucasus region, and ranking between Gambia and Suriname. Legislative framework Article 27 of the Constitution of Armenia guarantees freedom of speech and freedom of the press. The Constitution also guarantees the "Freedom of mass media and other means of mass information shall be guaranteed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Rights In Armenia
Human rights in Armenia tend to be better than those in most former Soviet republics and have drawn closer to acceptable standards, especially economically. Still, there are several considerable problems. Democracy and freedom rating Armenia is classified as "partly free" in a 2019 report (with data for 2018) by Freedom House, which gives it a score of 51 out of 100. Armenia has made improvements in its Human Freedom Index score from the Cato Institute. According to the 2021 report, Armenia ranks 40th overall. It ranks 48th for personal freedom and 15th for economic freedom. This is a notable improvement from the 2017 score which featured Armenia ranked 54th overall, followed by 29th for economic freedom and 76th for personal freedom. Economy and human rights Corruption remained a problem as of 2009, according to the U.S. Department of State. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Water Cannon
A water cannon is a device that shoots a high-velocity stream of water. Typically, a water cannon can deliver a large volume of water, often over dozens of meters. They are used in firefighting, large vehicle washing, riot control, and mining. Most water cannons fall under the category of a fire monitor. Firefighting Water cannons were first devised for use on fireboats. Extinguishing fires on boats and buildings near the water was much more difficult and dangerous before fireboats were invented. The first fireboat deployed in Los Angeles was commissioned on 1 August 1919. The first fireboat in New York City was ''Marine 1'', deployed 1 February 1891. There may have been other fireboats elsewhere even earlier. Fire trucks deliver water with much the same force and volume as water cannons, and have even been used in riot control situations, but are rarely referred to as water cannons outside this context. Riot control The first truck-mounted water cannon was used for riot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electric Yerevan
Electric Yerevan, also known within Armenia as No to Robbery ( hy, Ոչ թալանին, ''Voch t'alanin'') protests, were mass protests which occurred in the summer of 2015 against a 17% hike in electricity rates within Armenia. The protests were successful in reversing the price hike and causing the sale of Electric Networks of Armenia from Inter RAO to the Tashir Group. Background Electric Yerevan had been preceded by previous smaller movements against price hikes on marshrutkas public transportation and a new mandatory pension savings system. Then in June 2015, the Armenian Public Services Regulatory Committee (PSRC) increased the price of electricity for the public. The cost increased by 7 drams (US$0.01) per kilowatt hour, to be effective on August 1, 2015. This was the third price increase for electricity over the last few years, with most recently in 2013 having it risen by about a third. Garegin Bagramyan, the Armenian Public Services Regulatory Commission chairman also s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitutional Court Of Armenia
The Constitutional Court of Armenia ( hy, Հայաստանի Հանրապետության սահմանադրական դատարան, translit=Hayastani Hanrapetut'yan sahmanadrakan dataran) is the highest legal body for constitutional review in Armenia. It is responsible for supervising the constitutionality of laws and other legislative instruments. The law of the constitutional court is defined in the Armenian constitution and by statute. The court, established in 1995, is located in Yerevan. History In December 1988, a constitutional control committee was set up in accordance with an amendment to the Constitution of the Soviet Union. The Armenian legislature considered setting up a Constitutional Court in 1991; two laws, the 1 October 1991 Law on the President of the Republic and the 19 November 1991 Law on the Supreme Council of the Republic of Armenia, alluded to such a court. The new Armenian constitution, approved by referendum on 5 July 1995, established the court. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Wrong
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Civil may refer to: * Civic virtue, or civility *Civil action, or lawsuit * Civil affairs *Civil and political rights * Civil disobedience *Civil engineering * Civil (journalism), a platform for independent journalism *Civilian, someone not a member of armed forces * Civil law (other), multiple meanings * Civil liberties * Civil religion * Civil service * Civil society *Civil war *Civil (surname) Civil is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Alan Civil (1929–1989), British horn player *François Civil (born 1989), French actor * Gabrielle Civil, American performance artist *Karen Civil (born 1984), American social media an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Defamation
Defamation is the act of communicating to a third party false statements about a person, place or thing that results in damage to its reputation. It can be spoken (slander) or written (libel). It constitutes a tort or a crime. The legal definition of defamation and related acts as well as the ways they are dealt with can vary greatly between countries and jurisdictions (what exactly they must consist of, whether they constitute crimes or not, to what extent proving the alleged facts is a valid defence). Defamation laws can encompass a variety of acts: * Insult against a legal person in general * Defamation against a legal person in general * Acts against public officials * Acts against state institutions (e.g., government, Ministry (government department), ministries, government agencies, armed forces) * Acts against National symbol, state symbols * Acts against the Sovereign state, state itself * Acts against religions (e.g., blasphemy, religious discrimination, discriminatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
