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Macromanagement
Macromanagement is a style of leadership that is hands-off or from afar, allowing employees to have more freedom and control over their own work, while employers may shift focus to strategic long-term goals. Contrary to micromanagement where managers closely observe and control the works of their employees, macromanagement is a more independent style of organizational management. Managers step back and give employees the freedom to do their job how they think it is best done, so long as the desired result is reached. Micromanagement also tends to revolve around short-term results, whereas macromanagement puts an emphasis on long-term results. Both styles of management are viewed as a negative when taken to an extreme, so it is important for organizations to develop a balance of micro- and macromanagement practices and understand when to apply which. Downsides to macromanagement include disconnect between managers and employees and a lack of understanding of the roles of employees ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micromanagement
In business management, micromanagement is a management style whereby a manager closely observes, controls, and/or reminds the work of their subordinates or employees. Micromanagement is generally considered to have a negative connotation, mainly because it shows a lack of freedom and trust in the workplace.Chambers, Harry (2004)''My Way or the Highway'' Berrett Koehler Publishers, San Francisco. Retrieved on 20 June 2008. Definition Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary defines micromanagement as "manageentespecially with excessive control or attention on details". Dictionary.com defines micromanagement as "manageentor control with excessive attention to minor details". The online dictionary ''Encarta'' defined micromanagement as "attenionto small details in management: control fa person or a situation by paying extreme attention to small details". Often, this excessive obsession with the most minute of details causes a direct management failure in the ability to focus on the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Institution
Institutions are humanly devised structures of rules and norms that shape and constrain individual behavior. All definitions of institutions generally entail that there is a level of persistence and continuity. Laws, rules, social conventions and norms are all examples of institutions. Institutions vary in their level of formality and informality. Institutions are a principal object of study in social sciences such as political science, anthropology, economics, and sociology (the latter described by Émile Durkheim as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning"). Primary or meta-institutions are institutions such as the family or money that are broad enough to encompass sets of related institutions. Institutions are also a central concern for law, the formal mechanism for political rule-making and enforcement. Historians study and document the founding, growth, decay and development of institutions as part of political, economic and cultural history. Def ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |