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Leafroll
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus (GLRaV) is a name for a group of viruses that infect grapevine. Obscure mealybugs ('' Pseudococcus viburni'') feed on the phloem of vines and woody-stemmed plants, especially pear and apple trees and grape vines.Varela ''et al.'' (2006), p.2 Some individuals are vectors for infectious pathogen In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ ...s and can transmit them from plant to plant while feeding; mealybug-spread ''grapevine leafroll associated virus type III'' (GRLaV-3), in particular, has wreaked havoc among the grapes of New Zealand, reducing the crop yield of infected vineyards by up to 60%.Hamlet (2005), p. 1 The biggest problems in Grapevine Leafroll Disease are reduced grape yield, altered grape ripening, and altered grape chemistry. L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grapevine Leafroll-associated Virus 3
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is a grapevine infecting virus in the family ''Closteroviridae'', genus ''Ampelovirus''. GLRaV-3 is an economically important virus causing Grapevine leafroll disease in grapevine worldwide. See also * List of viruses References External links uniprot.org/taxonomy Closteroviridae Viral grape diseases {{Virus-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grapevine Leafroll-associated Virus 1
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GRLaV-1) is a virus infecting grapevine in the genus '' Ampelovirus''. See also * List of viruses This is an index of lists of virus taxa. By taxonomic rank * List of higher virus taxa, i.e. all taxa above the rank of family * List of virus families and subfamilies * List of virus genera :''This is a list of genera of biological viruses. See ... References External links uniprot.org/taxonomy Closteroviridae Viral grape diseases {{Virus-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grapevine Leafroll-associated Virus 2
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GRLaV2) is a virus infecting grapevine in the genus '' Closterovirus''. It is associated with rugose wood condition of grapevine.According to Bosciai, 1995, ''grapevine corky bark-associated virus'' (GCBaV) is a variant of GRLaV2. See also * List of viruses This is an index of lists of virus taxa. By taxonomic rank * List of higher virus taxa, i.e. all taxa above the rank of family * List of virus families and subfamilies * List of virus genera :''This is a list of genera of biological viruses. See ... References External links uniprot.org/taxonomy Closteroviridae Viral grape diseases {{Virus-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grapevine Leafroll-associated Virus 4
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4 (GRLaV-4) is a virus infecting grapevine in the genus '' Ampelovirus''. References External links uniprot.org/taxonomy Closteroviridae Viral grape diseases {{Virus-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudococcus Viburni
''Pseudococcus viburni'' (formerly ''Pseudococcus affinis'' ( Maskell), and commonly known as the obscure mealybug and tuber mealybug) is a close relative of the grape mealybug (''P. maritimus'') and a pest of the vineyards around the world. Distribution ''P. viburni'' is a pest of vineyards in New Zealand, Hamlet (2005), p. 1. the Central Coast of California, and the tea gardens of northern Iran. Abbasipour ''et al.'' (2007), p. A120. Unlike the grape mealybug, the obscure mealybug is not native to California, having most likely been introduced to the region from either Australia or South America in the latter part of the 19th century. Varela ''et al.'' (2006), p. 2. It is known to infest apple and pear in South Africa. Taxonomy The obscure mealybug is thought to have evolved in Australia or South America. Its history in North America is not clear; from 1900 (when ''P. maritimus'', the grape mealybug, was first described) to 1960, the obscure mealybug was variably misidentif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grapevine Leafroll-associated Virus 7
''Vitis'' (grapevine) is a genus of 79 accepted species of vining plants in the flowering plant family Vitaceae. The genus is made up of species predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce wine. The study and cultivation of grapevines is called viticulture. Most cultivated ''Vitis'' varieties are wind-pollinated with hermaphroditic flowers containing both male and female reproductive structures, while wild species are dieceous. These flowers are grouped in bunches called inflorescences. In many species, such as ''Vitis vinifera'', each successfully pollinated flower becomes a grape berry with the inflorescence turning into a cluster of grapes. While the flowers of the grapevines are usually very small, the berries are often large and brightly colored with sweet flavors that attract birds and other animals to disperse the seeds contained within the berrie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grapevine Leafroll-associated Virus 13
''Vitis'' (grapevine) is a genus of 79 accepted species of vining plants in the flowering plant family Vitaceae. The genus is made up of species predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce wine. The study and cultivation of grapevines is called viticulture. Most cultivated ''Vitis'' varieties are wind-pollinated with hermaphroditic flowers containing both male and female reproductive structures, while wild species are dieceous. These flowers are grouped in bunches called inflorescences. In many species, such as ''Vitis vinifera'', each successfully pollinated flower becomes a grape berry with the inflorescence turning into a cluster of grapes. While the flowers of the grapevines are usually very small, the berries are often large and brightly colored with sweet flavors that attract birds and other animals to disperse the seeds contained within the berrie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ. The term ''pathogen'' came into use in the 1880s. Typically, the term ''pathogen'' is used to describe an ''infectious'' microorganism or agent, such as a virus, bacterium, protozoan, prion, viroid, or fungus. Small animals, such as helminths and insects, can also cause or transmit disease. However, these animals are usually referred to as parasites rather than pathogens. The scientific study of microscopic organisms, including microscopic pathogenic organisms, is called microbiology, while parasitology refers to the scientific study of parasites and the organisms that host them. There are several pathways through which pathogens can invade a host. The principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil has the longest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crop Yield
In agriculture, the yield is a measurement of the amount of a crop grown, or product such as wool, meat or milk produced, per unit area of land. The seed ratio is another way of calculating yields. Innovations, such as the use of fertilizer, the creation of better farming tools, new methods of farming and improved crop varieties, have improved yields. The higher the yield and more intensive use of the farmland, the higher the productivity and profitability of a farm; this increases the well-being of farming families. Surplus crops beyond the needs of subsistence agriculture can be sold or bartered. The more grain or fodder a farmer can produce, the more draft animals such as horses and oxen could be supported and harnessed for labour and production of manure. Increased crop yields also means fewer hands are needed on farm, freeing them for industry and commerce. This, in turn, led to the formation and growth of cities, which then translated into an increased demand for foodstuff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ripening
Ripening is a process in fruits that causes them to become more palatable. In general, fruit becomes sweeter, less green, and softer as it ripens. Even though the acidity of fruit increases as it ripens, the higher acidity level does not make the fruit seem tarter. This effect is attributed to the Brix-Acid Ratio. Climacteric fruits ripen after harvesting and so some fruits for market are picked green (e.g. bananas and tomatoes). Underripe fruits are also fibrous, not as juicy, and have tougher outer flesh than ripe fruits (see Mouth feel). Eating unripe fruit can lead to stomachache or stomach cramps, and ripeness affects the palatability of fruit. Science 1 Methylcyclopropene is used as a synthetic 127x127px, leftDeveloping fruits produce compounds like alkaloids and tannins. These compounds are antifeedants, meaning that they discourage animals who would eat them while they are still ripening. This mechanism is used to make sure that fruit isn't eaten before the seeds ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annual Review Of Phytopathology
The ''Annual Review of Phytopathology'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes review articles about phytopathology, the study of diseases that affect plants. It was first published in 1963 as the result of a collaboration between the American Phytopathological Society and the nonprofit publisher Annual Reviews. As of 2022, ''Journal Citation Reports'' lists the journal's 2021 impact factor as 10.850, ranking it seventh of 238 journal titles in the category "Plant Sciences". Its current editors are Jan E. Leach and Steven E. Lindow. History In the 1950s, the American Phytopathological Society had intended to publish its own journal to cover significant developments in the field of phytopathology, or plant diseases. However, the nonprofit publisher Annual Reviews offered to publish the journal for them, and they agreed due to their publishing experience. In 1961, the American Phytopathological Society compiled the editorial board of the journal at their annual meeting. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annual Reviews (publisher)
Annual Reviews is an independent, non-profit academic publishing company based in San Mateo, California. As of 2021, it publishes 51 journals of review articles and ''Knowable Magazine'', covering the fields of life, biomedical, physical, and social sciences. Review articles are usually “peer-invited” solicited submissions, often planned one to two years in advance, which go through a peer-review process. The organizational structure has three levels: a volunteer board of directors, editorial committees of experts for each journal, and paid employees. Annual Reviews' stated mission is to synthesize and integrate knowledge "for the progress of science and the benefit of society". The first Annual Reviews journal, the ''Annual Review of Biochemistry'', was published in 1932 under the editorship of Stanford University chemist J. Murray Luck, who wanted to create a resource that provided critical reviews on contemporary research. The second journal was added in 1939. By ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
