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Leader–member Exchange Theory
The leader–member exchange (LMX) theory is a relationship-based approach to leadership that focuses on the two-way ( dyadic) relationship between leaders and followers. The latest version (2016) of leader–member exchange theory of leadership development explains the growth of vertical dyadic workplace influence and team performance in terms of selection and self-selection of informal apprenticeships in leadership. It suggests that leaders select the best and make offers and members of the team accept or not. Apprentices who complete the program develop strong emotional attachments with their mentor-teacher. This is reflected in their descriptions by both of their relationship as one of mutual respect for competence, trust in character and benevolence toward each other. Those who complete the apprenticeship training are more collaborative, helpful to all team members, more deeply engaged in team activities and contribute more to team health and prosperity. This is seen as a w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dyad (sociology)
In sociology, a dyad is a group of two people, the smallest possible social group. As an adjective, "dyadic" describes their interaction.Macionis, John J., and Linda Marie Gerber. Sociology. 7th ed. Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011. 153-54. Print. The pair of individuals in a dyad can be linked via romantic interest, family relation, interests, work, partners in crime, and so on. The relation can be based on equality, but may be based on an asymmetrical or hierarchical relationship (master–servant). The strength of the relationship is evaluated on the basis of time the individuals spend together, as well as on the emotional intensity of their relationship. The term dyad is from . A dyad can be unstable because both persons must cooperate to make it work. If one of the two fails to complete their duties, the group would fall apart. Because of the significance of marriages in society, their stability is very important. For this reason marital dyads are often enforced through ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Empowerment
Empowerment is the degree of autonomy and self-determination in people and in communities. This enables them to represent their interests in a responsible and self-determined way, acting on their own authority. It is the process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one's life and claiming one's rights. Empowerment as action refers both to the process of self-empowerment and to professional support of people, which enables them to overcome their sense of powerlessness and lack of influence, and to recognize and use their resources. As a term, empowerment originates from American community psychology and is associated with the social scientist Julian Rappaport (1981). However, the roots of empowerment theory extend further into history and are linked to Marxist sociological theory. These sociological ideas have continued to be developed and refined through Neo-Marxist Theory (also known as Critical Theory). In social work, empowerment forms a practica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Longitudinal Study
A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over short or long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data). It is often a type of observational study, although it can also be structured as longitudinal randomized experiment. Longitudinal studies are often used in social-personality and clinical psychology, to study rapid fluctuations in behaviors, thoughts, and emotions from moment to moment or day to day; in developmental psychology, to study developmental trends across the life span; and in sociology, to study life events throughout lifetimes or generations; and in consumer research and political polling to study consumer trends. The reason for this is that, unlike cross-sectional studies, in which different individuals with the same characteristics are compared, longitudinal studies track the same people, and so the differences observed in those people are less like ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory
The Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory is a theory that deals with the individual dyadic relationships formed between Leadership, leaders and their wikt:subordination, subordinates. It is also widely known as Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX), The Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX), Leadership-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory. Originally, the theory has been developed by Fred Dansereau, George Graen and William J. Haga, in 1975. Concept The theory focuses on types of leader-subordinate relationships which are further classified into subgroups, namely the in-group and the out-group. The in-group consists of members that receive greater responsibilities and encouragement, and are able to express opinions without having any restrictions. Their ideas are frequently considered by the leader, to the extent of being influenced in his Decision-making, decision-making process. Additionally, the in-group members are able to obtain more access to resources. Researchers' findings reveal that forming ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consequences
Consequence may refer to: * Logical consequence, also known as a ''consequence relation'', or ''entailment'' * In operant conditioning, a result of some behavior * Consequentialism, a theory in philosophy in which the morality of an act is determined by its effects * Unintended consequences * In logic, a consequent is the second half of a hypothetical proposition or consequences * Consequent (music), the second half of a period (music) Games * Consequences (game), a parlour game Fiction * ''Consequences'' (novel), a 1919 novel by E. M. Delafield * "Consequences" (Kipling story), an 1888 short story by Rudyard Kipling * "Consequences" (Cather story), a 1915 short story by Willa Cather Film and TV * ''Die Konsequenz'' (English: ''The Consequence''), a 1977 West German film * ''Anjaam'' (English: ''Consequence''), a 1994 Hindi film * '' Anjaam (1940 film)'', an earlier Hindi film of the same name * Consequence (film), a 2003 action thriller film starring Armand Assante * ''Con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Background
Background may refer to: Performing arts and stagecraft * Background actor * Background artist * Background light * Background music * Background story * Background vocals * ''Background'' (play), a 1950 play by Warren Chetham-Strode Recorded works * ''Background'' (1953 film), a British drama * ''Background'' (1973 film), a documentary * ''Background'' (TV series), a Canadian journalistic television series * ''Background'' (Lifetime album), 1992 * ''Background'' (Bassi Maestro album), 2002 Science and engineering * Background extinction rate * Background independence, a condition in theoretical physics * Background noise * Background radiation, the natural radiation that is always present in a location ** Background (astronomy), small amounts of light coming from otherwise dark parts of the sky ** Cosmic background (other) ** Gravitational wave background ** X-ray background * Background process, software that is running but not being displayed * String b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perceived Organizational Support
Perceived organizational support (POS) is the degree to which employees believe that their organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being and fulfills socioemotional needs. POS is generally thought to be the organization's contribution to a positive reciprocity dynamic with employees, as employees tend to perform better to reciprocate received rewards and favorable treatment. This idea bloomed from Eisenberger and Rhoades' organizational support theory.Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. 1986. Perceived organizational support. ''Journal of Applied Psychology'', 71: 500 –507; Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. 2002 Overview According to the POS website: Perceived Organizational Support website Research on POS began with the observation that managers' concern with their employees' commitment to the organization is positively correlated with employees' focus on the organization's commitment to them. For employees, organizations serve as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory
The Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory is a theory that deals with the individual dyadic relationships formed between Leadership, leaders and their wikt:subordination, subordinates. It is also widely known as Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX), The Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX), Leadership-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory. Originally, the theory has been developed by Fred Dansereau, George Graen and William J. Haga, in 1975. Concept The theory focuses on types of leader-subordinate relationships which are further classified into subgroups, namely the in-group and the out-group. The in-group consists of members that receive greater responsibilities and encouragement, and are able to express opinions without having any restrictions. Their ideas are frequently considered by the leader, to the extent of being influenced in his Decision-making, decision-making process. Additionally, the in-group members are able to obtain more access to resources. Researchers' findings reveal that forming ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organizational Citizenship Behavior
In industrial and organizational psychology, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is a person's voluntary commitment within an organization or company that is not part of his or her contractual tasks. Organizational citizenship behavior has been studied since the late 1970s. Over the past three decades, interest in these behaviors has increased substantially. Organizational behavior has been linked to overall organizational effectiveness, thus these types of employee behaviors have important consequences in the workplace. Dennis Organ is generally considered the father of OCB. Organ expanded upon Katz's (1964) original work. Definition of the concept Organ (1988) defines OCB as "individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization". Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collectivism And Individualism
In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and social groups. Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership, structure, division of labor, communication systems, and so on. And because of these characteristics of social organization, people can monitor their everyday work and involvement in other activities that are controlled forms of human interaction. These interactions include: affiliation, collective resources, substitutability of individuals and recorded control. These interactions come together to constitute common features in basic social units such as family, enterprises, clubs, states, etc. These are social organizations. Common examples of modern social organizations are government agencies, NGO's and corporations. Elements Social organizations happen in everyday life. Many people belong to various social structures—institutional ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Individualistic Culture
Individualistic cultures are characterized by individualism, which is the prioritization or emphasis of the individual over the entire group. In individualistic cultures people are motivated by their own preference and viewpoints. Individualistic cultures focus on abstract thinking, privacy, self-dependence, uniqueness, and personal goals. The term individualistic culture was first used in the 1980s by Geert Hofsted a Dutch social psychologists to describe countries and cultures that are not collectivist, Hofsted created the term individualistic culture when he created a measurement for the five dimensions of cultural values. People in individualistic cultures see each other as loosely connected and have a diverse population of different races, ethnicities, languages, and cultures. In modern society, the number of individualistic cultures is on the rise due to wealth, and urbanization. Individuals in individualistic cultures gain the most happiness from three key factors: personal sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
