Kongsi Federation
The kongsi republics (), also known as kongsi democracies () or kongsi federations (), were Self-governance, self-governing Polity, political entities in Borneo that formed as federations of Chinese mining communities known as kongsis. By the mid-nineteenth century, the kongsi republics controlled most of western Borneo. The three largest kongsi republics were the Lanfang Republic, the Heshun Confederation (Fosjoen), and the Santiaogou Republic, Santiaogou Federation (Samtiaokioe) after it had split from the Heshun. Commercial kongsis were common in Overseas Chinese, Chinese diasporic communities throughout the world, but the kongsi republics of Borneo were unique in that they were sovereign states that controlled large swaths of territory. This characteristic distinguishes them from the Sultan#Southeast and East Asia, sultanates of Southeast Asia, which held authority over their subjects, yet did not control the territory where their subjects resided. The kongsi republics compet ...
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Kongsi Map
Kongsi () is a Hokkien transcription term meaning "company", especially businesses which have been incorporated. However, the word has other meanings under different historical contexts. ''Kongsi'' were most commonly known as Chinese social organizations or partnerships, but the term was also used for various Chinese institutions. Amongst overseas Chinese, the word ''kongsi'' was applied to reference both clan organizations, whose members shared a common descent, and to district-dialect clubs, for Chinese immigrants originating from the same district speaking the same dialect. In the late 19th century, these district-dialect associations came to be known as ''wui gun'' (''huiguan''; ), especially in San Francisco, California where many Chinese from eight districts on the west side of the Pearl River Delta near the City of Canton went for the California gold rush. Southeast Asia In Southeast Asia, the kongsi republics were made up of Hakka Chinese mining communities that unite ...
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