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Krajowcy
The Krajowcy (, ''Fellow Countrymen'' or ''Natives''; lt, Krajovcai, be, Краёўцы) were a group of mainly Polish-speaking intellectuals from the Vilnius Region who, at the beginning of the 20th century, opposed the division of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into nation states along ethnic and linguistic lines. The movement was a reaction against growing nationalism in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The Krajowcy attempted to maintain their dual self-identification as Polish–Lithuanian (''gente Lithuanus, natione Polonus'') rather than just Polish or Lithuanian. The Krajowcy were scattered and few in number and as a result failed to organize a widescale social movement. Views The Krajowcy were mostly descendants of the nobles of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian nobility being part of the szlachta). They identified themselves with Polish culture but maintained a sense of loyalty to the old Grand Duchy. The Krajowcy consisted of two wings: the cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwik Abramowicz (1879–1939)
Ludwik Abramowicz-Niepokójczycki (5 July 1879 – 3 March 1939) was a Polish activist, bibliophile, publicist and editor. He was one of the major activists of the ''krajowcy'' faction, living in Vilnius (Vilna in Russian). Life Born in Moscow, he studied in Kharkiv and Kraków. In 1906 he moved to Vilnius. During World War I, while living in Poland, he actively supported Lithuanian independence. There he was active contributor to '' Gazeta Wileńska'', founded by Michał Römer. Later he was an editor of Polish language newspaper ''Przegląd Wileński'' (Wilno Review, 1912–1913, 1921–1939). The newspaper promoted krajowcy views and developed Lithuanian cultural ideas separate from Polish culture. After Abramowicz returned to Vilnius in 1919, he actively promoted the idea, that Vilnius Region should be transferred to Lithuania without tying Lithuania to union with Poland, although he suggested a cultural autonomy for Poles. The issues of the ''Przegląd Wileński'' newspape ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regional Party Of Lithuania And White Ruthenia
The Regional Party of Lithuania and White Ruthenia was a political party of major Polish-speaking (mostly of Belarusian origin) nobility and landlords (so called krajowcy) living on the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (what is now Republic of Lithuania and Belarus) in early 20th century. The initiator of creation of the party was Raman Skirmunt (he called himself "Belarusian"). In November 1905 he published a manifest of the ''Regional party of Lithuania and Ruthenia'' that in fact was a party program which demanded introduction of democratic freedoms and especially the freedom of national life and equality of nationalities as well as regional autonomy for the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and protection of private property. In early 1906 Skirmunt published the manifest once again, having adjusted the name of the party to ''Regional party of White Ruthenia and Lithuania''. On June 17 in Vilnius which decided to establish the ''Regional party of Lithuania and Bela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raman Skirmunt
Raman (Roman) Skirmunt ( be, Раман Скірмунт; 7 May 1868 – 7 October 1939) was a Belarusian and Polesian statesman, aristocrat and landlord. Patron, significant landowner, vice-chairman (1907-1917, 1918-?) of the Minsk Agricultural Society. Deputy (1906) of the First State Duma of the Russian Empire; deputy (1910-1911) of the State Council of the Russian Empire from the Minsk province; (nominal) Prime Minister of the BNR (1918) — was not approved for the post of Prime Minister; senator of Poland (1930-1935). His cousin Konstanty Skirmunt was a notable Polish diplomat and minister of foreign affairs. Early years Raman Skirmunt was born in the village Parechcha in the Pinsky Uyezd of the Minsk Governorate (present-day Pinsk District of Belarus) in the family of Alexander Alexandrovich-Izidorovich Skirmunt (1830—1909), the representative of into the local noble family of the Catholic Lithuanian noble family of the Skirmunts. Roman Skyrmunt wrote about his orig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish-Lithuanian (adjective)
The Polish-Lithuanian identity describes individuals and groups with histories in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or with close connections to its culture. This federation, formally established by the 1569 Union of Lublin between the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, created a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state founded on the binding powers of national identity and shared culture rather than ethnicity or religious affiliation. The term Polish-Lithuanian has been used to describe various groups residing in the Commonwealth, including those that did not share the Polish or Lithuanian ethnicity nor their predominant Roman Catholic faith. The usage of "Polish-Lithuanian" in this context can potentially be confusing, particularly as the term is often abbreviated to just "Polish", or misinterpreted as being a simple mix of the 20th century nationalistic usage of the terms Polish and Lithuanian, as depending on the context it may include numerous ethnic gro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanisław Narutowicz
Stanisław Narutowicz ( lt, Stanislovas Narutavičius ) (2 September 1862, Telšiai District Municipality, Brewiki, Kovno Governorate – 31 December 1932, Kaunas, Lithuania) was a lawyer and politician, Signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania, one of the twenty signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania and brother to the first president of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz. He was also the only Polish-Lithuanian (adjective), Polish–Lithuanian member of the Council of Lithuania, Taryba, the provisional Lithuanian parliament formed in the later stages of World War I. Biography The Narutowicz family, which had its roots in Lithuanian nobility, received a coat of arms in 1413, changing its name from Noručiai (singular Norutis) to Narutowicz in the process. He was a self-declared Samogitian, Lithuanians, Lithuanian and a Polish people, Pole. His parents, Jan Narutowicz and Wiktoria née Szczepkowska were landowners and ran a manor. His father took part in the January U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mieczysław Jałowiecki
Mieczysław Perejasławski-Jałowiecki (2 December 1876 – 1962 ) was a Polish diplomat, agronomist, writer and nobleman. Early life and education Mieczysław was born in his family manor in Saldutiškis (then in the Russian Empire, now in Lithuania). His mother, Aniela, was a sister of Stanisław Witkiewicz; she was also a relative of the Piłsudski family.Zbigniew Machaliński, ''Mieczysław Jałowiecki − delegat Rządu Polskiego w Gdańsku w latach 1919−1920.'', Studia Gdańskie, t. V, ?–2Online/ref> His father, general , was an engineer, the grandson of an Imperial Russian Army general who sided with the Polish-Lithuanian 1830–31 insurgents during the November Uprising and was sentenced to death, but pardoned. He graduated from the Riga Technical University, studying agronomics and chemistry, finishing agronomics studies. He also served in the Russian army, and continued studies at the University of Bonn. Before World War I he worked for the Russian government (Minis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mykolas Römeris
Mykolas is a Lithuanian male given name derived from Michael. People with the name include: * Mykolas Arlauskas (born 1930), agronomist, professor of biomedicine and signatory of 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania *Mykolas Biržiška (1882–1962), Lithuanian editor, historian, professor of literature, diplomat & politician; signatory of Act of Independence of Lithuania *Mykolas Burokevičius (1927–2016), communist political leader in Lithuania * Mykolas Kęsgaila (died 1451), Lithuanian nobleman, a precursor of the Kęsgailos family * Mykolas Kęsgaila (died 1476), Lithuanian nobleman from Kęsgailos family *Mykolas Krupavičius 1885–1970), Lithuanian priest and politician * Mykolas Natalevičius (born 1985), Lithuanian composer *Mykolas Ruzgys (1915–19??), Lithuanian basketball player *Mykolas Sleževičius Mykolas Sleževičius (21 February 1882 – 11 November 1939) was a Lithuanian lawyer, political and cultural figure, and journalist. One of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithuanian Language
Lithuanian ( ) is an Eastern Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is the official language of Lithuania and one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.8 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 200,000 speakers elsewhere. Lithuanian is closely related to the neighbouring Latvian language. It is written in a Latin script. It is said to be the most conservative of the existing Indo-European languages, retaining features of the Proto-Indo-European language that had disappeared through development from other descendant languages. History Among Indo-European languages, Lithuanian is conservative in some aspects of its grammar and phonology, retaining archaic features otherwise found only in ancient languages such as Sanskrit (particularly its early form, Vedic Sanskrit) or Ancient Greek. For this reason, it is an important source for the reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-Euro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tutejszy
Local (Polish: ''Tutejszy'', ; be, Тутэйшы, translit=Tutejšy; uk, Тутешній, translit=Tuteshniy; lt, Tuteišiai; lv, Tuteiši; russian: Tуземный, translit=Tuzemnyj) was a self-identification of Eastern European rural populations, who did not have a clear national identity. This was mostly in mixed-lingual Eastern European areas, including Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Latvia, in particular, in Polesia and Podlachia. As a self-identification, it persisted in Lithuania’s Vilnius Region into the late 20th century. For example, in 1989, a poll of persons whose passports recorded their ethnicity as Polish revealed that 4% of them regarded themselves as Locals, 10% as Lithuanians, and 84% as Poles. Interwar Poland The term was first used in an official publication in 1922 in the preliminary results of the Polish census of 1921 (''Miesięcznik Statystyczny'', vol. V). An indigenous nationality (; ) was declared by 38,943 persons, with vast majority ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belarusian Democratic Republic
The Belarusian People's Republic (BNR; be, Беларуская Народная Рэспубліка, Bielaruskaja Narodnaja Respublika, ), or Belarusian Democratic Republic, was a state proclaimed by the Council of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in its Second Constituent Charter on 9 March 1918 during World War I. The Council proclaimed the Belarusian Democratic Republic independent in its Third Constituent Charter on 25 March 1918 during the occupation of contemporary Belarus by the Imperial German Army. The government of the Belarusian Democratic Republic never had power over the whole territory of Belarus. In 1919, it co-existed with an alternative Communist government of Belarus (the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia, which later became part of the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic), moving its seat of government to Vilnius and Grodno, but ceased to exist due to the capture of the whole Belarusian territory by Polish and Socialist Soviet Repub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithuania
Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania shares land borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Russia to the southwest. It has a Maritime boundary, maritime border with Sweden to the west on the Baltic Sea. Lithuania covers an area of , with a population of 2.8 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts and speak Lithuanian language, Lithuanian, one of only a few living Baltic languages. For millennia the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Balts, Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, Monarchy of Lithuania, becoming king and founding the Kingdom of Lithuania ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 1918 and 1939. The state was established on 6 November 1918, before the end of the First World War. The Second Republic ceased to exist in 1939, when Invasion of Poland, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and the Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of World War II, European theatre of the Second World War. In 1938, the Second Republic was the sixth largest country in Europe. According to the Polish census of 1921, 1921 census, the number of inhabitants was 27.2 million. By 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, this had grown to an estimated 35.1 million. Almost a third of the population came from minority groups: 13.9% Ruthenians; 10% Ashkenazi Jews; 3.1% Belarusians; 2.3% Germans and 3.4% Czechs and Lithuanians. At the same time, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
