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Hiberna
Hiberna in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was also known as "chleb zimowy" (winters bread) and it was an obligation to guarantee accommodation for troops during winter time. It was an obligation of ''Królewszczyzna'' (crown lands) and church estates. Initially it was paid-in-kind, in 1649-1652 it was a targeted tax to support the troops collected by Grand Crown Hetman. Over time ''hiberna'' absorbed some other taxes (e.g. Jewish poll tax and ''kwarta'') and extended to other population categories.''Scepter of Judah: The Jewish Autonomy in the Eighteenth-Century Crown Poland''pp. 16-17/ref> The term is borrowed from ancient Rome, where the '' castra hiberna'' were a winter camps for Roman legions The Roman legion ( la, legiō, ) was the largest military unit of the Roman army, composed of 5,200 infantry and 300 equites (cavalry) in the period of the Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC) and of 5,600 infantry and 200 auxilia in the period of .... References {{reflist Military ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Castra Hiberna
In the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, the Latin word ''castrum'', plural ''castra'', was a military-related term. In Latin usage, the singular form ''castrum'' meant 'fort', while the plural form ''castra'' meant 'camp'. The singular and plural forms could refer in Latin to either a building or plot of land, used as a fortified military base.. Included is a discussion about the typologies of Roman fortifications. In English usage, ''castrum'' commonly translates to "Roman fort", "Roman camp" and "Roman fortress". However, scholastic convention tends to translate ''castrum'' as "fort", "camp", "marching camp" or "fortress". Romans used the term ''castrum'' for different sizes of camps – including large legionary fortresses, smaller forts for cohorts or for auxiliary forces, temporary encampments, and "marching" forts. The diminutive form ''castellum'' was used for fortlets, typically occupied by a detachment of a cohort or a ''centuria''. For a list of known castra, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
