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Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane
Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane, also called HNIW and CL-20, is a polycyclic nitroamine explosive with the formula C6H6N12O12. In the 1980s, CL-20 was developed by the China Lake facility, primarily to be used in propellants. It has a better oxidizer-to-fuel ratio than conventional HMX or RDX. It releases 20% more energy than traditional HMX-based propellants, and is widely superior to conventional high-energy propellants and explosives. While most development of CL-20 has been fielded by the Thiokol Corporation, the US Navy (through ONR) has also been interested in CL-20 for use in rocket propellants, such as for missiles, as it has lower observability characteristics such as less visible smoke. CL-20 has not yet been fielded in any production weapons system, but is undergoing testing for stability, production capabilities, and other weapons characteristics. Synthesis First, benzylamine (1) is condensed with glyoxal (2) under acidic and dehydrating conditions to yield t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Octanitrocubane
Octanitrocubane (molecular formula: C8(NO2)8) is a high explosive that, like TNT, is shock-insensitive (not readily detonated by shock). The octanitrocubane molecule has the same chemical structure as cubane (C8H8) except that each of the eight hydrogen atoms is replaced by a nitro group (NO2). It is however not as powerful an explosive as once thought, as the high-density theoretical crystal structure has not been achieved. For this reason heptanitrocubane, the slightly less nitrated form is believed to have marginally better performance, despite having a worse oxygen balance. Octanitrocubane is thought to have 20–25% greater performance than HMX (octogen). This increase in power is due to its highly expansive breakdown into CO2 and N2, as well as to the presence of strained chemical bonds in the molecule which have stored potential energy. In addition, it produces no water vapor upon combustion, making it less visible, and both the chemical itself and its decomposition p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iceane
Iceane is a saturated polycyclic hydrocarbon with formula C12H18. It has a cage-like molecular structure, whose carbon skeleton can be viewed as three fused cyclohexane rings in the boat conformation; or as two such rings in the chair conformation, connected by three parallel (axial) bonds. The spatial arrangement of carbon atoms in Iceane is the lonsdalite crystalline structure. The name "iceane" was proposed by the chemist Louis Fieser about a decade before the compound was first prepared. He was carrying out studies on the arrangement of water molecules in ice, when it occurred to him that there could exist a stable hydrocarbon with the above structure. It is also referred to as wurtzitane, due to its similarity to the wurtzite crystal structure; however, the name "iceane" has precedence. See also * Adamantane * Twistane * Propellane * Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane, also called HNIW and CL-20, is a polycyclic nitroamine explosive with t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heptanitrocubane
Heptanitrocubane is an experimental high explosive based on the cubic eight-carbon cubane molecule and closely related to octanitrocubane. Seven of the eight hydrogen atoms at the corners of the cubane molecule are replaced by nitro groups, giving the final molecular formula . As with octanitrocubane, not enough heptanitrocubane has been synthesized to perform detailed tests on its stability and energy. It is hypothesized to have slightly better performance than explosives such as HMX, the current high-energy standard explosive, based on chemical energy analysis. While in theory not as energetic as octanitrocubane's theoretical maximum density, the HNC that has been synthesized so far is a more effective explosive than any ONC that has been produced, due to more efficient crystal packing and hence higher density. Heptanitrocubane was first synthesized by the same team who synthesized octanitrocubane, Philip Eaton and Mao-Xi Zhang at the University of Chicago The Univer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4,4’-Dinitro-3,3’-diazenofuroxan
4,4’-Dinitro-3,3’-diazenofuroxan (DDF) is a powerful experimental high explosive with performance comparable to that of other high-density high-explosives such as octanitrocubane. It is synthesised by oxidative coupling of 4-amino-3-(azidocarbonyl) furoxan followed by Curtius rearrangement and further oxidation. See also * 3,3′‐Diamino‐4,4′‐azoxyfurazan (DAAF) * 2,4,6-Tris(trinitromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine * ONC * Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane * HNC *HHTDD HHTDD (hexanitrohexaazatricyclododecanedione) is a powerful but moisture sensitive explosive compound. It is essentially an open analogue of the cyclic nitroamine cage compounds such as CL-20. While it is highly explosive, with a velocity of deto ... References {{DEFAULTSORT:Dinitro-3,3'-diazenofuroxan, 4,4'- Explosive chemicals Nitro compounds Amine oxides Azo compounds ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2,4,6-Tris(trinitromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine
2,4,6-Tris(trinitromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine is a chemical compound that is a derivative of triazine first prepared in 1995. It is synthesized by destructive nitration of 2,4,6-tricarboxyl-1,3,5-triazine. It is noteworthy for having more nitro groups than it does carbon atoms, thus potentially being useful as an oxygen source, or added to oxygen-poor explosives to increase their power. Derivatives have been prepared by nucleophilic displacement of the nitro groups with azide and hydrazine Hydrazine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a simple pnictogen hydride, and is a colourless flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odour. Hydrazine is highly toxic unless handled in solution as, for example, hydrazine .... References Triazines Nitro compounds Explosive chemicals {{Explosive-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rocket Propellant
Rocket propellant is the reaction mass of a rocket. This reaction mass is ejected at the highest achievable velocity from a rocket engine to produce thrust. The energy required can either come from the propellants themselves, as with a chemical rocket, or from an external source, as with ion engines. Overview Rockets create thrust by expelling mass rear-ward, at high velocity. The thrust produced can be calculated by multiplying the mass flow rate of the propellants by their exhaust velocity relative to the rocket ( specific impulse). A rocket can be thought of as being accelerated by the pressure of the combusting gases against the combustion chamber and nozzle, not by "pushing" against the air behind or below it. Rocket engines perform best in outer space because of the lack of air pressure on the outside of the engine. In space it is also possible to fit a longer nozzle without suffering from flow separation. Most chemical propellants release energy through redox ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzylamine
Benzylamine is an organic chemical compound with the condensed structural formula C6H5CH2NH2 (sometimes abbreviated as PhCH2NH2 or BnNH2). It consists of a benzyl group, C6H5CH2, attached to an amine functional group, NH2. This colorless water-soluble liquid is a common precursor in organic chemistry and used in the industrial production of many pharmaceuticals. The hydrochloride salt was used to treat motion sickness on the Mercury-Atlas 6 mission in which NASA astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth. Manufacturing Benzylamine can be produced by several methods, the main industrial route being the reaction of benzyl chloride and ammonia. It is also produced by the reduction of benzonitrile and reductive amination of benzaldehyde, both done over Raney nickel. : It was first produced accidentally by Rudolf Leuckart in the reaction of benzaldehyde with formamide in a process now known as the Leuckart reaction, a general process in which reductive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitronium Tetrafluoroborate
Nitronium tetrafluoroborate is an inorganic compound with formula NO2BF4. It is a salt of nitronium cation and tetrafluoroborate anion. It is a colorless crystalline solid, which reacts with water to form the corrosive acids HF and HNO3. As such, it must be handled under water-free conditions. It is sparsely soluble in many organic solvents. Preparation Nitronium tetrafluoroborate can be prepared by adding a mixture of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and boron trifluoride to a nitromethane solution of nitric acid or dinitrogen pentoxide. Applications Nitronium tetrafluoroborate is used as a nitration In organic chemistry, nitration is a general class of chemical processes for the introduction of a nitro group into an organic compound. The term also is applied incorrectly to the different process of forming nitrate esters between alcohols an ... agent. References Tetrafluoroborates Nitronium compounds {{inorganic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HHTDD
HHTDD (hexanitrohexaazatricyclododecanedione) is a powerful but moisture sensitive explosive compound. It is essentially an open analogue of the cyclic nitroamine cage compounds such as CL-20. While it is highly explosive, with a velocity of detonation even higher than that of CL-20, HHTDD readily decomposes in the presence of even trace amounts of water, making it unsuitable for any practical applications. See also * TNGU * 2,4,6-Tris(trinitromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine * 4,4’-Dinitro-3,3’-diazenofuroxan (DDF) * Heptanitrocubane * Octanitrocubane *RE factor TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. The is a unit of energy defined by that convention to be , which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a ... References Explosive chemicals Nitroamines {{Explosive-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CrystEngComm
''CrystEngComm'' is a peer-reviewed online-only scientific journal publishing original research and review articles on all aspects of crystal engineering including properties, polymorphism, target materials, and crystalline nanomaterials. It is published biweekly by the Royal Society of Chemistry and the editor-in-chief is Pierangelo Metrangolo. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.545. ''CrystEngComm'' has a close association with the virtual web community, CrystEngCommunity. History ''CrystEngComm'' was one of the first online-only chemistry journals when it was established in 1999. Initially, articles were published online as soon as they were accepted and the journal did not publish articles in issues. However, in 2000 issues were introduced and the journal was published monthly. As submissions increased, the journal switched in 2011 to a biweekly publication. Authors can elect to have accepted articles published as op ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Physics And Chemistry Of Solids
''Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of condensed matter physics and material science. The journal is edited by M. Azuma, A. Bansil, H.-P. Cheng, and K. Prassides. The journal was established in 1957 by Harvey Brooks, and is published monthly by Elsevier. In 1963 the Letters section of the journal split to form ''Solid State Communications''. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following databases: *Cambridge Scientific Abstracts *Chemical Abstracts *Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology *Materials Science Citation Index * EIC/Intelligence *Engineering Index * INSPEC * PASCAL * SSSA/ CISA/ ECA/ ISMEC *Scopus Scopus is Elsevier's abstract and citation database launched in 2004. Scopus covers nearly 36,377 titles (22,794 active titles and 13,583 inactive titles) from approximately 11,678 publishers, of which 34,346 are peer-reviewed journals in top- ... References External li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adam Matzger
Adam J. Matzger, a researcher in polymers and crystals, is the Charles G. Overberger Collegiate Professor of Chemistry at the University of Michigan, and an associate editor for the American Chemical Society's journal '' Crystal Growth & Design''. Biography Matzger is a native of Piedmont, California but moved to Ohio to complete his undergraduate career at Oberlin College, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Chemistry in 1992. From there he moved back to California for his graduate work at the University of California at Berkeley where he studied under Professor Peter C. Vollhardt. In 1997 he earned his Ph. D. degree with a thesis titled "Synthetic, Theoretical, and Structural Studies on Dehydrobenzoannulenes and Phenylenes." He then was a Postdoctoral Researcher at California Institute of Technology (co-mentored by Robert H. Grubbs and Nathan S. Lewis) until 2000 when he was appointed Assistant Professor of Chemistry and of Macromolecular Science and Engineeri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
