|
Guanylate Cyclase-coupled Receptor
Guanylate cyclase-coupled receptors or Membrane-bound guanylyl cyclases are single-pass transmembrane proteins. Guanylate cyclase-coupled receptor on cell surface consists of two parts: the extracellular part, or the receptor domain, and the intracellular part, or the guanylate cyclase activity domain. When the receptor is activated by the ligation, it can cyclize the guanylate into cGMP. An example of Guanylate cyclase-coupled receptors is ANF receptors (NPR1, NPR2 and NPR3) in kidney. Additionally, there exist intracellular guanylate cyclase-coupled receptor like soluble NO-activated guanylate cyclase. They are enzyme-linked receptors: * GC-A (NPR1/GUCY2A) & GC-B (NPR2/GUCY2B): for natriuretic factors such as atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). * GC-C (GUCY2C): for guanylin and uroguanylin. * GC-D (GUCY2D) * GC-E ( GUCY2E) * GC-F (GUCY2F) There is also a human pseudogene Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes. Most arise as super ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Single-pass Transmembrane Protein
A single-pass membrane protein also known as single-spanning protein or bitopic protein is a transmembrane protein that spans the lipid bilayer only once. These proteins may constitute up to 50% of all transmembrane proteins, depending on the organism, and contribute significantly to Interactome, the network of interactions between different proteins in cells, including interactions via transmembrane alpha helix, alpha helices. They usually include one or several water-soluble Protein domain, domains situated at the different sides of biological membranes, for example in single-pass transmembrane receptors. Some of them are small and serve as regulatory or structure-stabilizing subunits in large multi-protein transmembrane complexes, such as photosystems or the respiratory chain. A 2013 estimate identified about 1300 single-pass membrane proteins in the human genome. Topology-based classification Bitopic proteins are classified into 4 types, depending on their transmembrane topolog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natriuretic Factor
A natriuretic peptide is a peptide that induces natriuresis, which is the excretion of sodium by the kidneys. Known natriuretic peptides include the following: * atrial natriuretic peptide, also known as ANP * brain natriuretic peptide, also known as BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) * C-type natriuretic peptide, also known as CNP * dendroaspis natriuretic peptide, also known as DNP * urodilatin See also * Nesiritide * Carperitide * CD-NP * Ularitide Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) or atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a natriuretic peptide hormone secreted from the cardiac atria that in humans is encoded by the NPPA gene. Natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, and CNP) are a family of hormone/pa ... External links * Urinary system {{molecular-biology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudogene
Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes. Most arise as superfluous copies of functional genes, either directly by DNA duplication or indirectly by Reverse transcriptase, reverse transcription of an mRNA transcript. Pseudogenes are usually identified when genome sequence analysis finds gene-like sequences that lack regulatory sequences needed for Transcription (biology), transcription or Translation (biology), translation, or whose coding sequences are obviously defective due to Frameshift mutation, frameshifts or premature stop codons. Most non-bacterial genomes contain many pseudogenes, often as many as functional genes. This is not surprising, since various biological processes are expected to accidentally create pseudogenes, and there are no specialized mechanisms to remove them from genomes. Eventually pseudogenes may be deleted from their genomes by chance DNA replication or DNA repair errors, or they may accumulate so many mutational cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GUCY2F
Retinal guanylyl cyclase 2 also known as guanylate cyclase F (GUCY2F) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GUCY2F gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a guanylyl cyclase found predominantly in photoreceptors in the retina. The encoded protein is thought to be involved in resynthesis of cGMP after light activation of the visual signal transduction cascade, allowing a return to the dark state. This protein is a single-pass type I membrane protein. Clinical significance Defects in this gene may be a cause of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic disorder of the eyes that causes loss of vision. Symptoms include trouble seeing at night and decreasing peripheral vision (side and upper or lower visual field). As peripheral vision worsens, people may .... References Further reading * * * * * * * EC 4.6.1 {{gene-X-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GUCY2D
Retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 also known as guanylate cyclase 2D, retinal is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUCY2D (guanylate cyclase 2D) gene. Function This gene encodes a retina-specific guanylate cyclase, which is a member of the membrane guanylyl cyclase family. Like other membrane guanylyl cyclases, this enzyme has a hydrophobic amino-terminal The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide, referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide. Within a peptide, the ami ... signal sequence followed by a large extracellular domain, a single membrane spanning domain, a kinase homology domain, and a guanylyl cyclase catalytic domain. In contrast to other membrane guanylyl cyclases, this enzyme is not activated by natriuretic peptides. The nomenclature for members of the Gucy2 gene family is not consistent across species. In many mammals, including ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uroguanylin
Uroguanylin is a 16 amino acid peptide that is secreted by enterochromaffin cells in the duodenum and proximal small intestine. Guanylin acts as an agonist of the guanylyl cyclase receptor guanylate cyclase 2C (GC-C), and regulates electrolyte and water transport in intestinal and renal epithelia. By agonizing this guanylyl cyclase receptor, uroguanylin and guanylin cause intestinal secretion of chloride and bicarbonate to dramatically increase; this process is helped by the second messenger cGMP. Its sequence is H-Asn-Asp-Asp-Cys(1)-Glu-Leu-Cys(2)-Val-Asn-Val-Ala-Cys(1)-Thr-Gly-Cys(2)-Leu-OH. In humans, the uroguanylin peptide is encoded by the ''GUCA2B'' gene. Uroguanylin may be involved in appetite and perceptions of 'fullness' after eating meals, as suggested by a study into mice. See also * Natriuretic peptide * Plecanatide Plecanatide, sold under the brand name Trulance, is a medication for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) and irritable bowel synd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guanylin
Guanylin is a 15 amino acid peptide that is secreted by goblet cells in the colon. Guanylin acts as an agonist of the guanylyl cyclase receptor GC-C and regulates electrolyte and water transport in intestinal and renal epithelia. Upon receptor binding, guanylin increases the intracellular concentration of cGMP, induces chloride secretion and decreases intestinal fluid absorption, ultimately causing diarrhoea. The peptide stimulates the enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins. Researches have found that a loss in guanylin expression can lead to colorectal cancer Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). Signs and symptoms may include blood in the stool, a change in bowel m ... due to guanylyl cyclase C's function as an intestinal tumor suppressor. When guanylin expression was measured on over 250 colon canc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guanylyl Cyclase C
Guanylate cyclase 2C, also known as guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), intestinal guanylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase-C receptor, or the heat-stable enterotoxin receptor (hSTAR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''GUCY2C'' gene. Guanylyl cyclase is an enzyme found in the lumen (anatomy), luminal aspect of intestine, intestinal epithelium and dopamine neurons in the brain.Intestinal Protein May Have Role in ADHD, Other Neurological Disorders. ScienceDaily (Aug. 11, 2011/ref> The receptor has an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane region, a region with sequence similar to that of protein kinases, and a C-terminal end, C-terminal guanylate cyclase domain. Tyrosine kinase activity mediates the GC-C signaling pathway within the cell (biology), cell. Functions GC-C is a key receptor (biochemistry), receptor for heat-stable enterotoxins that are responsible for Diarrhea#Secretory, acute secretory diarrhea. Heat-stable enterotoxins are produced by pathogens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) or atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a natriuretic peptide hormone secreted from the cardiac atria that in humans is encoded by the NPPA gene. Natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, and CNP) are a family of hormone/paracrine factors that are structurally related. The main function of ANP is causing a reduction in expanded extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion. ANP is synthesized and secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the atria in the heart. These cells contain volume receptors which respond to increased stretching of the atrial wall due to increased atrial blood volume. Reduction of blood volume by ANP can result in secondary effects such as reduction of extracellular fluid (ECF) volume, improved cardiac ejection fraction with resultant improved organ perfusion, decreased blood pressure, and increased serum potassium. These effects may be blunted or negated by various counter-regulatory mechanisms opera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enzyme-linked Receptor
An enzyme-linked receptor, also known as a catalytic receptor, is a transmembrane receptor, where the binding of an extracellular ligand causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side. Hence a catalytic receptor is an integral membrane protein possessing both catalytic, and receptor functions. They have two important domains, an extra-cellular ligand binding domain and an intracellular domain, which has a catalytic function; and a single transmembrane helix. The signaling molecule binds to the receptor on the outside of the cell and causes a conformational change on the catalytic function located on the receptor inside the cell. Examples of the enzymatic activity include: * Receptor tyrosine kinase, as in fibroblast growth factor receptor. Most enzyme-linked receptors are of this type. * Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, as in bone morphogenetic protein * Guanylate cyclase, as in atrial natriuretic factor receptor An atrial natriuretic peptide receptor is a receptor f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extracellular
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms. It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology, and Glossary of scientific naming, or any of the organism-specific glossaries in :Glossaries of biology. A B C D E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
