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Flatrod System
{{Short description, Invention The flatrod system (german: italic=yes, Kunstgestänge, Stangenkunst, Stangenwerk, or ''Stangenleitung''; sv, italic=yes, Konstgång or ''Stånggång'') was an invention of the mining industry that enabled the mechanical movement generated by a water wheel (German: ''Kunstrad'') to be transferred over short distances.''Bergmännisches Wörterbuch.'' Bey Johann Christoph Stößel, Chemnitz 1778 It was invented in the 16th century and by the 18th century was being used to transmit power up to four kilometres. Flatrod systems were widely used in the Harz and Ore Mountains of Germany as well as in Cornwall, England and Bergslagen in Sweden. A replica of a flatrod system may be seen in Bad Kösen in Germany on the River Saale and there is a replica water wheel, used to drive flatrods, in Clausthal-Zellerfeld in the Upper Harz, formerly the biggest mining region in Europe. Fundamentals The flatrod system dates to the period before the invention of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Man Engine
A man engine is a mechanism of reciprocating ladders and stationary platforms installed in Mining, mines to assist the miners' journeys to and from the working levels. It was invented in Germany in the 19th century and was a prominent feature of tin and copper mines in Cornwall until the beginning of the twentieth century. Operation In the Cornish examples the motive power was provided by waterwheels, or one of the mine's steam engines. The steam engine or water wheel would be linked to a series of beams – known as "rods" – fastened together and reaching to the bottom of the mineshaft. These were arranged to offer a reciprocating motion of, typically, twelve to fifteen feet (three to five metres). Small foot platforms were attached to the rods at the same distance apart as the engine stroke and fixed platforms ("sollars") were built onto the shaft walls, spaced to coincide with the top and bottom positions of each of the moving platforms. The moving platforms were often sma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kunstrad
{{Short description, Invention The flatrod system (german: italic=yes, Kunstgestänge, Stangenkunst, Stangenwerk, or ''Stangenleitung''; sv, italic=yes, Konstgång or ''Stånggång'') was an invention of the mining industry that enabled the mechanical movement generated by a water wheel (German: ''Kunstrad'') to be transferred over short distances.''Bergmännisches Wörterbuch.'' Bey Johann Christoph Stößel, Chemnitz 1778 It was invented in the 16th century and by the 18th century was being used to transmit power up to four kilometres. Flatrod systems were widely used in the Harz and Ore Mountains of Germany as well as in Cornwall, England and Bergslagen in Sweden. A replica of a flatrod system may be seen in Bad Kösen in Germany on the River Saale and there is a replica water wheel, used to drive flatrods, in Clausthal-Zellerfeld in the Upper Harz, formerly the biggest mining region in Europe. Fundamentals The flatrod system dates to the period before the invention of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Klafter
The ''klafter'' is an historical unit of length, volume and area that was used in Central Europe. Unit of length As a unit of length, the ''klafter'' was derived from the span of a man's outstretched arms and was traditionally about 1.80 metres (m). In Austria, its length was, for example, 1.8965 m, in Prussia 1.88 m. In Bavaria, however, a ''klafter'' was only 1.751155 m, in Hesse it was significantly larger at 2.50 m. The Viennese or Lower Austrian ''klafter'' was fixed by Rudolf II as a measure of length as of 19 August 1588. When, in 1835, the Swiss units were defined using the metric system, 1 Swiss ''klafter'' (of 6 Swiss feet each of 0.30 m) corresponded exactly to 1.80 m. In Aachen, Baden, Bavaria, Bohemia, Hamburg, Leipzig, Poland, Trier and Zurich the ''klafter'' was exactly six feet, but in the Canton of Fribourg it measured 10 feet. In nautical units of depth, the ''klafter'' corresponds to the fathom. Baseline The su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Efficiency
Efficiency is the often measurable ability to avoid wasting materials, energy, efforts, money, and time in doing something or in producing a desired result. In a more general sense, it is the ability to do things well, successfully, and without waste. In more mathematical or scientific terms, it signifies the level of performance that uses the least amount of inputs to achieve the highest amount of output. It often specifically comprises the capability of a specific application of effort to produce a specific outcome with a minimum amount or quantity of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort. Efficiency refers to very different inputs and outputs in different fields and industries. In 2019, the European Commission said: "Resource efficiency means using the Earth's limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising impacts on the environment. It allows us to create more with less and to deliver greater value with less input." Writer Deborah Stone notes that efficiency is " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schacht Am Carler Teich '', a United St ...
Schacht is a German surname, derived from the common noun meaning "mine shaft". Surname * Emil Schacht (1854–1915), American architect, German immigrant * Hermann Schacht (1814–1864), German botanist and pharmacist * Hjalmar Schacht (1877–1970), German financial expert during the time of Hitler * Joseph Schacht (1902–1969), German Catholic scholar of Islamic Law * Henry Schacht (born 1933/1934), American businessman * Richard Schacht (born 1941), American philosopher * Chris Schacht (born 1946), Australian politician Other uses *Schacht (automobile), an American manufacturer of automobile, trucks and fire trucks from 1904 to 1940 *Schacht-Audorf, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany *''Schacht v. United States ''Schacht v. United States'', 398 U.S. 58 (1970), was a United States Supreme Court case, which ruled that actors could wear accurate military uniforms—regardless of the production's portrayal of the military—on First Amendment grounds. Backg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pershyttan Konstgång 01
Pershyttan is a small mining town approximately south-southwest of Nora, Sweden (174 km west of Stockholm). It has been restored and kept mainly as a working museum of Bergslagen's mining and iron handling which started in the early 14th century. One of Sweden's best preserved charcoal-fuelled blast furnaces from 1856 can be found in Pershyttan. In the area is also one of the biggest working water wheels. The two best known mines in the area are Lockgruvan, which dates back to the Middle Ages, and Storgruvan. Storgruvan is also called Moon Mine due to it being the site of the moonbase analogue test project, with the aim to research and explore techniques for building an underground base on the moon. 090107 moon-mine.com Some goals of the moon mine project are: * Outdoor design to provide an environment with an outdoor feeling. * Cultivation of vegetables with help of optical fibers transferred sunlight or with fluorescent light sources. * Low-volume production of me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Man Engine Animation
A man is an adult male human. Prior to adulthood, a male human is referred to as a boy (a male child or adolescent). Like most other male mammals, a man's genome usually inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father. Sex differentiation of the male fetus is governed by the SRY gene on the Y chromosome. During puberty, hormones which stimulate androgen production result in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, thus exhibiting greater differences between the sexes. These include greater muscle mass, the growth of facial hair and a lower body fat composition. Male anatomy is distinguished from female anatomy by the male reproductive system, which includes the penis, testicles, sperm duct, prostate gland and the epididymis, and by secondary sex characteristics, including a narrower pelvis, narrower hips, and smaller breasts without mammary glands. Throughout human history, traditional gender roles have often defined an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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