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File Carving
File carving is the process of reassembling computer files from fragments in the absence of filesystem metadata. Introduction and basic principles All filesystems contain some metadata that describes the actual file system. At a minimum, this includes the hierarchy of folders and files, with names for each. The filesystem will also record the physical locations on the storage device where each file is stored. As explained below, a file might be scattered in fragments at different physical addresses. File carving is the process of trying to recover files without this metadata. This is done by analyzing the raw data and identifying what it is (text, executable, png, mp3, etc.). This can be done in different ways, but the simplest is to look for the file signature or "magic numbers" that mark the beginning and/or end of a particular file type. For instance, every Java class file has as its first four bytes the hexadecimal value CA FE BA BE. Some files contain footers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filesystem
In computing, file system or filesystem (often abbreviated to fs) is a method and data structure that the operating system uses to control how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, data placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of data stopped and the next began, or where any piece of data was located when it was time to retrieve it. By separating the data into pieces and giving each piece a name, the data are easily isolated and identified. Taking its name from the way a paper-based data management system is named, each group of data is called a "file". The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of data and their names is called a "file system." There are many kinds of file systems, each with unique structure and logic, properties of speed, flexibility, security, size and more. Some file systems have been designed to be used for specific applications. For example, the ISO 9660 file system is designe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computational Complexity Theory
In theoretical computer science and mathematics, computational complexity theory focuses on classifying computational problems according to their resource usage, and relating these classes to each other. A computational problem is a task solved by a computer. A computation problem is solvable by mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm. A problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources, whatever the algorithm used. The theory formalizes this intuition, by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying their computational complexity, i.e., the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage. Other measures of complexity are also used, such as the amount of communication (used in communication complexity), the number of gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity) and the number of processors (used in parallel computing). One of the roles of computationa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Recover My Files
Recover My Files is a data recovery program that uses file carving to extract lost files from unallocated clusters. Recovery is based on the interpretation of file content, usually through the process of reverse engineering a file type. It can be used to recover data from external and internal hard disks, in FAT, NTFS, HFS and HFS+ file systems. The program uses two techniques: a lost file, and a lost drive recovery. In the lost file recovery technique the program finds deleted file entries, and if requested will do a file carve of selected file types. A variety of popular file types can be found and carved. There is no way to add unknown file types. The file name is found in the deleted file search, but not in the lost file. This is because in most file systems the file name and date/times are stored on disk and are only marked for re-use by the system, and not completely removed. In the drive recovery technique the program finds orphaned file system entries and reconstr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PhotoRec
PhotoRec is a free and open-source utility software for data recovery with text-based user interface using data carving techniques, designed to recover lost files from various digital camera memory, hard disk and CD-ROM. It can recover the files with more than 480 file extensions (about 300 file families). It is also possible to add custom file signature to detect less known files. PhotoRec does not attempt to write to the damaged media the user is about to recover from. Recovered files are instead written to the directory from which PhotoRec is run, any other directory may be chosen. It can be used for data recovery or in a digital forensics context. NIST Test Results for Graphic File Carving Tool: PhotoRec v7.0-WIP ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foremost (software)
Foremost is a forensic data recovery program for Linux. Foremost is used to recover files using their headers, footers, and data structures through a process known as file carving. Although written for law enforcement use, the program and its source code are freely available and can be used as a general data recovery tool. History Foremost was created in March 2001 to duplicate the functionality of the DOS program CarvThis for use on the Linux platform. Foremost was originally written by Special Agents Kris Kendall and Jesse Kornblum of the U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations. In 2005, the program was modified by Nick Mikus, a research associate at the Naval Postgraduate School's Center for Information Systems Security Studies and Research as part of a master's thesis. These modifications included improvements to Foremost's accuracy and extraction rates. Functionality Foremost is designed to ignore the type of underlying filesystem and directly read and c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data Archaeology
There are two conceptualisations of data archaeology, the technical definition and the social science definition. Data archaeology (also data archeology) in the technical sense refers to the art and science of recovering computer data encoded and/or encrypted in now obsolete media or formats. Data archaeology can also refer to recovering information from damaged electronic formats after natural disasters or human error. It entails the rescue and recovery of old data trapped in outdated, archaic or obsolete storage formats such as floppy disks, magnetic tape, punch cards and transforming/transferring that data to more usable formats. Data archaeology in the social sciences usually involves an investigation into the source and history of datasets and the construction of these datasets. It involves mapping out the entire lineage of data, its nature and characteristics, its quality and veracity and how these affect the analysis and interpretation of the dataset. The findings ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Error Detection And Correction
In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunication, error detection and correction (EDAC) or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels. Many communication channels are subject to channel noise, and thus errors may be introduced during transmission from the source to a receiver. Error detection techniques allow detecting such errors, while error correction enables reconstruction of the original data in many cases. Definitions ''Error detection'' is the detection of errors caused by noise or other impairments during transmission from the transmitter to the receiver. ''Error correction'' is the detection of errors and reconstruction of the original, error-free data. History In classical antiquity, copyists of the Hebrew Bible were paid for their work according to the number of stichs (lines of verse). As the prose books of the Bible were hardly ever ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data Recovery
In computing, data recovery is a process of retrieving deleted, inaccessible, lost, corrupted, damaged, or formatted data from secondary storage, removable media or files, when the data stored in them cannot be accessed in a usual way. The data is most often salvaged from storage media such as internal or external hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), USB flash drives, magnetic tapes, CDs, DVDs, RAID subsystems, and other electronic devices. Recovery may be required due to physical damage to the storage devices or logical damage to the file system that prevents it from being mounted by the host operating system (OS). Logical failures occur when the hard drive devices are functional but the user or automated-OS cannot retrieve or access date stored in it. It can occur due to corrupt engineering chip, lost partitions, deleted data, firmware failure, failed formatting/re-installation. Data recovery can be a very simple or technical challenge. This is why there ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PGP Disk
PGP Virtual Disk is a disk encryption system that allows one to create a virtual encrypted disk within a file. Older versions for Windows NT were freeware (for example, bundled with PGP v6.0.2i; and with some of the CKT builds of PGP). These are still available for download, but no longer maintained. Today, PGP Virtual Disk is available as part of the PGP Desktop product family, running on Windows 2000/ XP/Vista, and Mac OS X. See also * Disk encryption software * Comparison of disk encryption software * United States v. Boucher ''In re Boucher'' (case citation: No. 2:06-mJ-91, 2009 WL 424718), is a federal criminal case in Vermont, which was the first to directly address the question of whether investigators can compel a suspect to reveal their encryption passphrase or ... – federal criminal case involving PGPDisk-protected data Cryptographic software Disk encryption {{crypto-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BitLocker
BitLocker is a full volume encryption feature included with Microsoft Windows versions starting with Windows Vista. It is designed to protect data by providing encryption for entire volumes. By default, it uses the AES encryption algorithm in cipher block chaining (CBC) or XTS mode with a 128-bit or 256-bit key. CBC is not used over the whole disk; it is applied to each individual sector. History BitLocker originated as a part of Microsoft's Next-Generation Secure Computing Base architecture in 2004 as a feature tentatively codenamed "Cornerstone" and was designed to protect information on devices, particularly if a device was lost or stolen; another feature, titled "Code Integrity Rooting", was designed to validate the integrity of Microsoft Windows boot and system files. When used in conjunction with a compatible Trusted Platform Module (TPM), BitLocker can validate the integrity of boot and system files before decrypting a protected volume; an unsuccessful validation wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TrueCrypt
TrueCrypt is a discontinued source-available freeware utility used for on-the-fly encryption (OTFE). It can create a virtual encrypted disk within a file, or encrypt a partition or the whole storage device (pre-boot authentication). On 28 May 2014, the TrueCrypt website announced that the project was no longer maintained and recommended users find alternative solutions. Though development of TrueCrypt has ceased, an independent audit of TrueCrypt (published in March 2015) has concluded that no significant flaws are present. Two projects forked from TrueCrypt: VeraCrypt (active) and CipherShed (abandoned). History TrueCrypt was initially released as version 1.0 in February 2004, based on E4M (Encryption for the Masses). Several versions and many additional minor releases have been made since then, with the most current version being 7.1a. E4M and SecurStar dispute Original release of TrueCrypt was made by anonymous developers called "the TrueCrypt Team". Shortly after ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adroit (software)
Adroit may refer to: * ''Adroit'' class minesweeper, a U.S. Navy minesweeper class * Adroitness Social adroitness is a personality trait measured in the Jackson Personality Inventory and the Jackson Personality Inventory-Revised.Markey, P.M., Markey, C.N. (2006). A Spherical Conceptualization of Personality Traits. ''European Journal of Perso ..., a personality trait related to agreeableness * HMAS ''Adroit'' (P 82), an ''Attack''-class patrol boat * ''L'Adroit'' class destroyer, a group of fourteen French navy destroyers * USS ''Adroit'' (AM-82), an ''Adroit''-class minesweeper * USS ''Adroit'' (MSO-509), an ''Acme''-class minesweeper * USS ''Adroit'' (SP-248), a steam yacht {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
